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Anatomy And Physiology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Name all the structures of the urinary system

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

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2
Q

What is the function of the urinary system

A

To regulate and excrete organic wastes, salts, and water to control plasma composition

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3
Q

What is the major organic waste that is excreted in urine

A

Urea

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4
Q

True or false

The urinary system has a minor role in waste product removal im the body compared to other systems

A

FALSE

it is the most important route of waste excretion removing nearly all soluble waste products from the blood

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5
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the kidney

A 
Urine production
Maintaining homeostasis 
Acid base balance 
Fluid and electrolyte balance 
Hormone production
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6
Q

How does the kidney maintain homeostasis

A

Through altering plasma composition by filtering plasma contents from the blood and reabsorbing or secreting certain components as needed

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7
Q

How does the urinary system maintain the acid base balance

A

By removing hydrogen and bicarbonate ions from the urine

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8
Q

The urinary system maintains a tight control of water and electrolytes by removing them from the blood at a ___ rate as they’re put in

A

Equal

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9
Q

Diuresis

A

Excess water = more urine formed

Urinating more than usual

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10
Q

Oliguria

A

Insufficient water = less urine formed

Urinating less than usual

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11
Q

Anuria

A

Deficiency of water = no urine formed

No urination

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12
Q

Fluid and electrolyte balance is mainly under hormonal control by which 2 hormones

A

Antidiuretic hormone

Aldosterone

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13
Q

What 3 hormones does the kidney produce and what do they do

A

Renin: increases BP through the renin-angiotensin system

Erythropoietin: increase RBC production with hypoxia

Prostaglandins: helps maintain renal perfusion (autacoid)

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14
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney

A

The nephron

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15
Q

Describe the nephron

A

A microscopic epithelial structure that consists of a filtration unit attached to a long tube for absorption and secretion of urine as its end product

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16
Q

Where are the kidneys located

A

In the abdominal cavity on each side of the midline

They are retroperitoneal

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17
Q

True or false

The right kidney is more cranial than the left kidney

A

True

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18
Q

What is the thick layer of fat that surrounds and protects the kidney called

A

Perirenal fat

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19
Q

What does the perirenal fat allow for on xrays

A

They give contrast to the kidney for better visualization

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20
Q

What color and shape are the kidneys often compared to

A

Kidney beans

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21
Q

What are the two animals that are exceptions to the typical shape of the kidney

A

Horse: heart shaped

Cattle: lobulated appearance

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22
Q

What are the 5 components of the kidney

A 
Capsule
Hilus
Renal pelvis 
Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Renal crest
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23
Q

What is the capsule

A

A thin connective tissue layer that surrounds the kidney

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24
Q

What is the hilus

A

An area in the depression of the kidney where the renal artery and nerves enter and the renal vein, ureter and lymphatic vessels leave the kidney

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25
Q

What is the renal pelvis

A

The expanded part of the ureter just inside the hilus, this receives urine from the collecting ducts in the kidney

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26
Q

Where is the renal cortex

A

Immediately under the capsule

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27
Q

Where is the renal medulla

A

The inner layer that appears striated due to the collecting ducts and loops of henle

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28
Q

What is the renal crest

A

The ridge that projects into the renal pelvis (collecting tubules of the medulla empty here)

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29
Q

The bovine kidneys are lobulated, what do they lack

A

Renal pelvis and renal crest

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30
Q

How does the ureter work in a bovine kidney

A

The ureter branches into each lobe and forms Calyces (calyx) which acts as a funnel that individual medullary pyramids project into and direct the fluid into the ureter

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31
Q

Describe the porcine kidney

A

Also has calyces which funnel into the renal pelvis

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32
Q

Where does the kidney recieve most of its nerve supply from

A

The sympathetic nervous system of the autonomic NS

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33
Q

Sympathetic stimulation ____ renal blood flow

A

Decreases

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34
Q

True or false

The kidney relys 100% on the sympathetic NS for stimulation

A

FALSE

Can rely on other control mechanisms

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35
Q

How much of the cardiac output does the kidney recieve and how much is converted to urine

A

1/4 of the cardiac output

1 thousandth of this volume

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36
Q

The renal artery enters the hilus and divides into smaller and smaller branches until it becomes the

A

Afferent glomerular arterioles

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37
Q

The afferent glomerular arterioles branch to form the cappilary network of the

A

Glomerulus

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38
Q

What do the glomerular capillaries do

A

Filter out some of the plasma from the blood

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39
Q

True or false

The capillary system in the glomerulus is the only capillary network where blood enters and leaves oxygenated

A

TRUE

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40
Q

Once the capillaries leave the glomerulus and surround the rest of the nephron what are they called

A

Efferent glomerular arterioles

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41
Q

These efferent callilaries reform as ____ until they become the renal ____ and leave the kidney at the hilus and join the caudal vena cava

A

Veins

Renal vein

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42
Q

When blood is within the capillary network of the nephron, ____ and ____ are removed from the blood and go into the nephron

A

Waste and excesses

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43
Q

Water and useful components are _____ from the filtrate of the nephron into the blood

A

Reabsorbed

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44
Q

What is the ureter

A

Muscular tube that propels urine forward with peristalsis from the kidney to the bladder

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45
Q

Where does the ureter exit the kidney and enter the bladder

A

Exits the kidney at the hilus

Enters the bladder near the neck

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46
Q

The ureter enters the bladder at an ____ angle

A

Oblique angle

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47
Q

Why does the ureter enter the bladder at an onlique angle

A

When the bladder becomes full it occludes the ureter to prevent back flow of urine

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48
Q

True or false

Even if the ureter is occluded/collapsed, urine can still Move forward due to peristalsis

A

True

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49
Q

What are the 3 layers of the ureter

A

Outer fibrous layer

Middle smooth muscle

Inner transitional epithelium (to allow stretching as urine passes)

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50
Q

Describe the bladder

A

A hollow muscular organ capable of stretching (transitional epithelium)

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51
Q

What does size and position of the bladder depend on

A

Fullness of the bladder

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52
Q

Describe the bladder when it is empty

A

Will be inside the pelvis, and will have think walls

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53
Q

Describe the bladder when it is filling/full

A

Pear shaped, extends cranially from the pelvis, has thin walls

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54
Q

At the neck of the bladder there is a sphincter of skeletal muscle to allow

A

Voluntary control of urination

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55
Q

What is the useful landmark of the bladder

A

The trigone: area between the urethra and uretal openings in the bladder

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56
Q

What is the function of the bladder

A

Collects, stores and releases urine

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57
Q

The kidneys constantly produce urine, without the bladder what would you see

A

The animal would be constantly dribbling urine as kidneys produce it

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58
Q

What is the definition of urination and what are 2 other words that mean the same thing

A

Expulsion of urine from the body

Micturition and uresis

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59
Q

What are the 3 steps of urination, describe each of them

A
  1. Accumulation of urine (when the bladder reaches a critical point stretch receptors are activated)
  2. Muscle contraction: the spinal cord reflex activates and causes contraction of smooth muscle and creates the sensation of fullness
  3. Sphincter control: voluntary release of skeletal muscle at the sphincter
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60
Q

What is urinary incontinence

A

Loss of voluntary control of the bladder

Inability to urine when desired

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61
Q

A full bladder is very prone to___

A

Rupture

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62
Q

What is the urethra

A

A continuation of the neck of the bladder made of transitional epithelium that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

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63
Q

Describe a urethra in females

A

Short and straight, opens onto the floor of the vestibule

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64
Q

Describe the urethra in males

A

Long and curved, runs down the center of the penis

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65
Q

The urethra carries urine from the bladder to the ourside of the body, what does it also carry for males

A

Semen during ejaculation (also surrounded by urethral muscle)

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66
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the nephron in order

A

Renal corpuscle
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of henle
Distal convoluted tubule

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67
Q

What is the renal corpuscle composed of, describe these parts

A

Glomerulus: tiny capillary network

Bowman’s Capsule: double walled capsule surrounding the glomerulus (inner layer lines the capillaries, outer layer surrounds it, space between is an extension of the PCT)

68
Q

What is the function of the renal corpuscle

A

Glomerulus filters blood through capillaries and creates glomerular filtrate, and collectings filtrate in the bowman’s capsule

69
Q

What is the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Highly coiled tubule in the renal cortex continuous with the bowman’s capsule

70
Q

What type of epithelium lined the proximal convoluted tubule and why is this beneficial

A

Cuboidal epithelium with microvilli

Increases surface area for reabsorption

71
Q

What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Reabsorption and secretion

72
Q

Describe the percentages of molecules and water that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

65% of total reabsorption

80% of all water/sodium/chloride/bicarb

100% of glucose and amino acids

73
Q

Describe the loop of Henle

A

U-shaped tube that extend from the cortex into the medulla and loops back into the cortex

Has ascending and descending limbs

Has a smaller diameter than the rest of the renal tubules

74
Q

What is the function of the Loop of Henle

A

Reabsorption

Sodium exchange for other ions

75
Q

Describe the distal convoluted tubule

A

A coiled tubule In the cortex, that joins with the collecting ducts along with other nephrons

76
Q

What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule

A

Reabsorption

Sodium exchnage for other ions

77
Q

Nephrons join to common collecting ducts which extend into the

A

Renal papilla

78
Q

Collecting ducts are important for

A

Potassium levels

Secretion of hydrogen and ammonia

Acid and base balance

79
Q

Antidiuretic hormone has great effect on the

A

Collecting ducts

80
Q

Where does filtration of blood occur

A

Renal corpuscle

81
Q

What are 3 ways renal capillaries are different from normal capillaries

A

Connect 2 arterioles

Have small pores to increase fluid leakage/filtration

Under high pressure

82
Q

True or false

Pores in renal capillaries are large enough to allow proteins and blood cells to be filtered out

A

FALSE

83
Q

Protein in urine indicates damage to the ____ which can be seen on urinalysis

A

Glomerulus

84
Q

What creates the high pressure in renal capillaries

A

The afferent arterioles are larger than the efferent arterioles which causes presssure to build up in the glomerulus

85
Q

What does the high pressure of renal capillaries do

A

Forces the glomerular filtrate out to collect in the bowman’s capsule

86
Q

What is GFR and what is it measured in

A

Glomerular filtration rate: how fast plasma is filtered depending in the rate of blood flow to the kidneys

Measured in ml/minute

87
Q

Blood pressure is critical for maintaining GFR, how is this accomplished

A

Through the renin-angiotensin system

Renin is secreted by the juxtaglomerular apparatus

88
Q

Golmerular filtrate contains many substances needed to maintain balance of nutrients/minerals/electrolytes/acid base balance. What are some of these key substances

A 
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium 
Magnesium
Glucose
Amino acids
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Water
89
Q

True or false

Only about 50% of water is reabsorbed

A

False

About 99% is

90
Q

Reabsorption mainly occurs in the

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

91
Q

Describe how substances move during reabsorption

A

By passive diffusion or active transport

From the tubular lumen, to the interstitial space, into the peritubular capillaries

92
Q

Describe sodium cotransport

A

Active transport of sodium out of the tubular epithelium by a carrier protein on the basement cell membrane uses energy

Cotransport of sodium with glucose and amino acid occurs to maintain those levels

93
Q

What is the renal threshold

A

The limit on how much glucose can be reabsorbed

94
Q

What happens if blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold

A

Glucose will remain in the urine

Causing diabetes mellitus, polyuria, polydipsia and other conditions causing high blood glucose

95
Q

How does reabsorption in the loop of henle and the distal convoluted tubule occur

A

Controlled by aldoesterone (mineralocorticoid from the adrenal cortex)

Sodium is reabsorbed in exchange for hydrogen, ammonium or potassium

96
Q

True or false

Potassium is reabsorbed by diffusion in most parts of the renal tubules

A

True

97
Q

Calcium is reabsorbed in most parts of the renal tubules

What 3 things does absorption of calcium involve

A

Vitamin D (convert to calcitriol)

Parathyroid hormone (increases absorption of calcium)

Calcitonin (decreases absorption)

98
Q

Describe how kidneys are related to vitamin D

A

The kidneys release the active form of Vitamin D calcitriol which increases calcium absorption in the GIT

99
Q

True or false

Magnesium is reabsorbed in most parts of the renal tubule

A

True

100
Q

When sodium is pumped out of the tubular lumen, and electrical charge is created (positive outside the lumen and negative inside)

What restores the neutrality of the lumen

A

Chloride ions diffusing out of the lumen

101
Q

What is the effect of osmotic diuresis due to glucosuria

A

Prevents proper reabsorption of water

102
Q

Where does secretion occur in the kidneys

A

PCT: for histamine, uric acid, creatinine and hydrogen

DCT: for hydrogen, potassium and ammonia

103
Q

Aldosterone helps promote secretion of ___ and reabsorption of ____ in the DCT

A

Secretion of potassium

Absorption of sodium

104
Q

What does easy secretion of drugs like penicillin and sulfonamides help in

A

When treating UTIs, these drugs can easily reach very high levels in the urine and animals are often sensitive to these drugs

105
Q

Describe the movement of substances during secretion

A

Substances move from the peritubular capillaries, through the interstitial fluid, and into the tubular lumen

106
Q

secretion is important for things that are inadequately filtered out in the ___

A

Glomerulus

107
Q

What is urine volune primarily controlled by

A

Antidiuretic hormone (posterior pituitary) and aldosterone (adrenal cortex)

108
Q

What does antidiuretic hormone do

A

Increases water absorption from the DCT and collecting ducts (increases number of water pores in cells)

109
Q

What happens if there is inadequate amounts of ADH

A

Inadequate reabsorption of water

This causes a high volume of urine and increased drinking to compensate for water loss (PU/PD)

Low specific gravity

Diabetes insipidus

110
Q

What does aldosterone do

A

Increases sodium reabsorption in the DCT and collecting ducts

Results in chloride and water following sodium

Creates a osmotic imbalance

111
Q

Water intake is regulated by a thirst center in the hypothalamus that responds to

A

Blood pressure and water concentration in the blood

112
Q

Explain the renin-angiotensin system when responding to low blood pressure or salt concentrations

A

When there is decreased blood flow to the kidneys, or when the macula densa senses low NaCl concentrations, renin is released by the juxtaglomerular apparatus (in the glomerulus)

Renin catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1

Angiotensin 1 is then converted to angiotensin 2

Angiotensin 2 acts on the adrenal glands to stimulate the release of aldosterone

Aldoesterone stimulates salt and water reabsorption and causes vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure

113
Q

What is renal failure

A

The inability of the kidneys to perform their normal functions

114
Q

What is uremia or azotemia

A

The accumulation of urea in the blood due to renal failure

115
Q

What normally identifies uremia

A

Blood tests

116
Q

What normally accompanies uremia

A

Accumulation of creatinine (a waste product of muscle metabolism)

117
Q

What is prerenal uremia

A

The problem is occuring before the kidneys

Decreased blood flow to the kidneys due to dehydration, congestive heart failure or shock

118
Q

What is renal uremia

A

The problem is within the kidneys

Damaged nephrone due to toxins/infections/inflammation

Damaged nephrons cannot filter blood and leads to toxin accumulation

119
Q

Describe how kidneys have a great capacity to compensate when there is kidney damage

A

You need a loss of 2/3 to 3/4 of nephron fucntion to see clinical signs

This leaves the need for only at least 1/3 to 1/4 of normal function

120
Q

What is postrenal uremia

A

Problem is occuring after the kidneys

Usually due to urethral obstruction (stones, mucus plugs, clots or tumors)

121
Q

If postrenal uremia is severe enough what occurs

A

Urine backs up into the kidneys and damages or destroys the nephrons

Causing renal uremia

122
Q

What is acute renal failure

A

A recent loss of kidney function

Usually due to trauma, obstruction, shock, viruses or poisoning (heavy metals, antifreeze)

123
Q

True or false

It is easy to distinguish between acute and chronic renal failure

A

FALSE

it is very difficult

124
Q

In acute renal failure, loss of function can be corrected if

A

The cause can be discovered and corrected

125
Q

What aids in the treatment of any kidney damage

A

Kidneys having a lot of regenerative power

126
Q

What are the signs of acute renal failure

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, Depression, dehydration, anorexia and anuria

127
Q

Describe copper toxicity in sheep

A

Causes hemolysis and acute renal disease following chronic ingestion of copper due to hemoglobin precipitating out in the kidneys

128
Q

Describe chronic renal failure

A

Loss of function developed over an extended amount of time

Usually seen when much of the kidney is already damaged

Little hope in being corrected

129
Q

What are the signs of chronic renal failure

A

The same as acute renal failure but include

Polyuria/polydipsia
Weight loss
Anemia

130
Q

Why would you see anemia with chronic renal failure

A

Because kidneys make erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates RBCs production

131
Q

On an ultrasound, how does a kidney look with chronic vs actute renal failure

A

Chronic: shrunken

Acute: swollen

132
Q

What is cystitis

A

Inflammation of the bladder

133
Q

Why are female more prone to cystitis

A

Because the urethra is shorter, wider and opens up to the vagina

134
Q

What are the signs of cystitis

A

Frequent small volume urination with cloudy urine

Cloudy from WBCs and/or RBCs

135
Q

Some waste products in urine may precipitate out and clump together to form solid crystals or stones called

A

Uroliths
Urinary stones
Urinary calculi

136
Q

What animals are uroliths common in, which ones are they not common in

A

Common: dogs, cats, cattle, sheep, goats

Uncommon: horses

137
Q

Composition of uroliths vary and can be identified through

A

Microscopic examination

138
Q

What is the most common urolith called (magnesium ammonium phophate hexahydrate)

A

Struvite

139
Q

Where does formation of uroliths mainly occur

A

In the bladder

140
Q

What does the formation of uroliths depend on

A 
Urine pH 
Diet
UTIs 
Urinary volume
Frequency of urination
141
Q

Why do urinary tract infections predispose animals to struvite uroliths

A

UTIs raise pH and help precipitate crystals

142
Q

Why are dehydrated animals, or animals not frequently allowed to urinate predisposed for uroliths

A

Because decreased urine flow increases risk of urolith formation

143
Q

Where can uroliths also form besides the bladder

A

Renal pelvis (kidney stones)
Ureters
Urethra

144
Q

Why is urethral obstruction more common in males

A

Because of the small diameter, long length and curvature of the male urethra

145
Q

Why may unilateral ureteral obstructions not be clincally recognized even if it destroys the associated kidney

A

Because the other kidney will take over

146
Q

What is the treatment for uroliths/obstructions of the urinary tract

A

Surgical removal
Diets to dissolve them or prevent them
Antibiotics (if there is an associated UTI)
Surgical bypass using a urethrostomy

147
Q

What breeds is canine urolithiasis most seen in

A 
Minature shnauzer 
Dachshund 
Dalmatian 
Pug
Bull dog
Basset hound 
Beagles

(Metabolic differences)

148
Q

When is ruminant urolithiasis or “water belly” most seen

A

In the winter when water intake in decreased

When water sources have high mineral content (minor)

When a high grain content diet is fed (low calcium high phosphate diets) (feedlots)

149
Q

Occlusion of the urethra by calculi leads to

A

Rupture of the urethra or the bladder

150
Q

What are the clinical signs of ruminant urolithiasis

A

Failure to pass urine

Dribbling urine

Painful abdomen

151
Q

What is Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD)

AKA Feline Urological Syndrome (FUS)

A

When cats get sand-like crystals (often struvite or calcium oxalate crystals) Which produce mucus-like matrix that combines with the crystals to form a gelatinous plug which obstructs the urethra

Usually due to high dietary magnesium and calcium, genetic factors, dry food diets, lower water intakes

152
Q

What are the signs or FLUTD/FUS

A

Very painful
Increased use of litter box

With complete obstruction in males they will lick their penis a lot

153
Q

What is the treatment and prevention of FLUTD/FUS

A

Anesthetization to allow catheterization to relieve obstruction

Diets to minimize poorly soluble substances that cause uroliths

Diet to maintain low pH

Antibiotics

154
Q

What are the main poorly soluble substances seen to cause uroliths

A

Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphorus

155
Q

True or false

With an obstructed ureter, urination is often not affected unlike with obstructed urethras

A

True

156
Q

True or false

Uremia is often seen with obstructed urethras unlike obstructed ureters

A

True

157
Q

Why are cats fed dry diets at higher risk for uroliths

A

Cats on dry food diets have lower water intake and produce more concentrated urine than cats on wet food

158
Q

Define polyuria

A

Increased urine volume

159
Q

Define pollakiuria

A

Increased frequency of urination

160
Q

define hematuria

A

Blood in urine

161
Q

Define glucosuria

A

Glucose in urine

162
Q

Define dysuria

A

Difficulty urinating (straining)

163
Q

Define stranguria

A

Painful urination

164
Q

Define anemia

A

Lack of hemoglobin in blood

165
Q

What is the trigone

A

Land mark in the bladder between the ureters and urethra

Anatomy And Physiology (8 decks)

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