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Anatomy And Physiology > Sense Organs > Flashcards

Sense Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory organs are extensions of the ____ that allow for monitoring of the ___

A

CNS

Internal and external Body

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2
Q

What is adaptation

A

When a repeated signal over time begins to give a decreasing signal to the CNS to the point there is not signal at all

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3
Q

What does adaptation prevent

A

Overloading the senses with unnecessary information

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4
Q

What are the four general stimuli that sensory receptors are sensitive to

A

Mechanical ( touch hearing balance)
Thermal
Electromagnetic (vision)
Chemical (smell, taste)

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5
Q

What are the 10 main senses divided into?

A

General senses

Special senses

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6
Q

What is geomagnetism

A

A special sense in some animals (birds and fish) that help navigate during migration

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7
Q

What are the 5 general senses

A 
Visceral sensations 
Touch
Temperature
Pain 
Proprioception
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8
Q

General senses are distributed _____ and transmit info to the CNS through the ___ and the ___

A

Throughout the body

Through the PNS and ANS

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9
Q

What are visceral sensations of the body

A

Interior body sensations, vague and poorly organized. Include sensations for hunger, thirst, full organs and sexual drive

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10
Q

How are hollow organs stimulated with visceral sensations

A

Stimulated by stretch (filling/distension) which results in the perception of PAIN

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11
Q

What is the exception to visceral sensations of pain to a hollow organ filling

A

The bladder -the sensation of fullness is felt, not pain like the GIT

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12
Q

True or false

Many internal structures can be handled cut or crushed without perception of pain

A

TRUE

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13
Q

True or false
The peritoneum and pleura hace loads of sensory receptors so any inflammation ot roughening due to infection is extremely painful

A

TRUE

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14
Q

Touch (AKA the tactile sense) is

A

The sensation of something being in contact with the body

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15
Q

Can touch perception adapt to continuous touch or pressure

A

Yes, you are often unaware unless the stimulus changes or is increased

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16
Q

What are superficial temperature receptors

A

Receptors for temperature located in the skin

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17
Q

When extreme temperatures are detected by superficial receptors what happens

A

Impusles to the CNS increase

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18
Q

Superficial receptors cause a ____ change in ___ to correct changes in temperature

A

Conscious changes in behaviour

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19
Q

If temperature is normal, what happens to the impulses

A

Impulse frequency is low and steady resulting in no consious awareness

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20
Q

What are central receptors for temperature

A

Monitors the core body temperature via the blood

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21
Q

What is the thermostat center of the brain

A

The hypothalamus

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22
Q

What are two ways core body temperature is increased

A

Fever (pyrogenic hyperthermia)

Non pyrogenic hyperthermia

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23
Q

What happens with a fever

A

Causes body to generate and convserve heat (shivering, vasoconstriction pilonerection)

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24
Q

What is pyrogenic hyperthermia

A

A increase in core body temperature due to pathogens/infections/toxins that imfluence the hypothalamus

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25
Q

What is non pyrogenic hyperthermia

A

Imcrease of temperature resulting from exertion or the environment (animals temp to cool down) and the hypothalamus shuts down

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26
Q

The CNS corrects fluctuations in temperature through changes in

A

Blood flow, sweating, piloerection, shivering, hormones, behaviours

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27
Q

What is heatstroke

A

Shock due to severe hyperthermia caused by a hot external environment or exertion

Shock is due to fluid loss, vasodilation and heat change to organs (low tissue perfusion, low blood volume and pressure)

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28
Q

What can high temperatures cause

A 
Impair brain fucntion
Damage organs 
Weakness 
Convulsions 
Unconsciousness
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29
Q

What is the max survivable temperature above normal

A

About 5 degrees

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30
Q

What is hypothermia

A

A decrease in temp (from anesthesia or environment) that causes a decrease in HR, RR, weakness, confusuon, comas and death

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31
Q

What is nociception and what are nociceptors

A

Nociception is the process of feelings pain

Nociceptors are pain receptors

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32
Q

Where is the only place nociceptors are NOT found

A

The brain

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33
Q

What are headaches

A

Caused by swelling of the sureounding tissue (meninges) or spasms in the msicles in the face, scalp and neck

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34
Q

True or false

Nociceptors have adaptation

A

FALSE

they cannot be turned off and perception of pain cannot be dulled

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35
Q

What are the 4 steps of pain perception

A

Transduction
Transmission
Modulation
Perception

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36
Q

What is transduction

A

Conversion of stimuli into a nerve impulse

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37
Q

What is transmission

A

Moves signal up the acon of the sensory nerve fiber

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38
Q

What is modulation

A

Information is integrated at the levelnof the spinal cord and sent to the brain

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39
Q

What is perception

A

Pain is processed by the brain

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40
Q

What step of pain perception is influenced by drugs (opioids)

A

Modulation

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41
Q

Pain can be classified as superficial, deep or visceral. What is different about visceral pain perception

A

Visceral pain is often referred pain. Which is when it is interpreted as originating from somewhere elsenin the body

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42
Q

Give an example of reffeded visceral pain

A

Heart pain isnoften felt as pain down rhe left arm

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43
Q

Why does reffered pain happen

A

Because the neuron in pain center can reciece inputs from nerves from different parts of the body so it confuses the location from where pain is coming from

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44
Q

What is acute pain

A

Sharp and intense

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45
Q

What is chronic pain

A

Dull and aching

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46
Q

Why do animals not seem to ever be in pain

A

A survival instinct to not look week to predators

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47
Q

True or false

Sensation for pain is often greater is the pain is anticipated

A

True

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48
Q

Which animals are more likely to endure pain

Stressed or relaxed animals

A

Relaxed animals

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49
Q

True or false

Pain receptors may continue signalling when a pain source has been removed

A

TRUE

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50
Q

What are the signs of pain

A

Loss of normal behaviour

Expression of abnormal behaviours

Reaction to touch

Physiologic parameters

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51
Q

What is general anesthesia

A

Compelte loss of sensory perception with loss of consciousness

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52
Q

What is local anesthesia

A

Loss of sensation from a specific area with no loss of consciousness

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53
Q

What is analgesia

A

Perception if pain is decreased but kor absent (by use of NSAIDS)

Pain killers

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54
Q

What is hyperesthesia

A

Increased responsiveness to a stimulus including pain

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55
Q

What is proprioception AKA body sense

A

The sense of telative body positions and movement without having to look

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56
Q

Whwre are sensory receptors for proprioception located

A

Stretch receptors in Skeletal muscles, tendons, ligamnets and joints

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57
Q

What creates the overall sense of positioning by integrating the information

A

The cerebellum coordinates movements

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58
Q

What is ataxia

A

Loss of perception during walking

Druken gair

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59
Q

What are the special senses

A 
Smell
Taste
Hearing
Sight
Equilibrium
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60
Q

What is taste (gustatory sense)

A

A chemical sense detected by the tongue, mouth and pharynx

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61
Q

What are the chemical receptors in the tongue

A

Taste buds located on the tongue in elevated papillae

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62
Q

papillae have have tiny openings called taste pores whoch allow for what

A

Dissolved substances to stimulate the sensory cells that send an impulse to the brain

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63
Q

Heat receptors in the tongue tonorevent eating food is too hot. What does hor sauce stimulate

A

Spicy food stimulate heat receptors which is why spice is percieved as pain

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64
Q

Taste is important for

A

Selecting food containing things the animals need

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65
Q

Taste is strongly linked to

A

Smell

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66
Q

What is the role of saliva in taste

A

Dissolves the chemical molecules in the food to be detected by the taste buds

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67
Q

What is smell (olfactory sense)

A

A chemical sense carried by the olfactory nevere (CN 1)

Extremely important for communication between animals

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68
Q

Olfactory sense is rganized in 2 patches if olfactory cells and supporting epithelium covered in mucus. How do they sense smell

A

Odor molecules dissolve in mucus and the sensory receptors create signals and are sent to the brain

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69
Q

Why is sniffing important for smell

A

Sensory areas are above the usual path of inhaled air, so additional force of sniffing improves sense of smell

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70
Q

Each olfactory cell is a neuron specialized to detect a specific chemical. Why is this?

A

Helps differentiate smells

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71
Q

Can sensory receptors for smell adapt to stimuli?

A

Yes!

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72
Q

True or false

it doesnt take many molecules of an order to stimulate the receptors

A

True

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73
Q

What is the second area of smell

A

The vomeronasal organ

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74
Q

What is the vomeronasal organ important for

A

A diverticulum of the nasal cavity into the hard palate that are sensitive ti pheromones

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75
Q

What is hearing (auditory sense)

A

Converts air molecule vibrations into nerve impusles and interpreted by the brain as sound

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76
Q

What is equilibrium (balance)

A

A mechanical sense perceived in the ear

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77
Q

What structures does the outer/external ear contain

A

Pinna

External auditory canal

Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

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78
Q

What is the pinna

A

The fleshybexternal part of the ear, acts as a funnel to collect sound

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79
Q

What are aural hematomas

A

Blood filled subcutaneous swelling in the pinna normally from trauma causing a rupture of a vessel

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80
Q

What is the external auditory canal

A

Soft membrane lined L shaped passageway from the pinna to the eardrum

Transmits found to the tympanic membrane

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81
Q

Can the external auditory canal be filled in hair

A

Yes

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82
Q

What type of gland does the external auditory canal have

A

Ceruminous glands: produce wax to protect from infection

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83
Q

The external auditory canal is prone to otitis externa. What is this?

A

Inflammation if the external ear canal caused by water (called swimmer’s ear) which causes a build uo of bacteria

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84
Q

What is the tympanic membrane (ear drum)

A

A semitransparent membrane that is tightly stretched across the opening between the external auditory canal and the middle ear

Vibrates at the same frequency as sound waves strike it

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85
Q

What is the middle ear

A

A hollowed iut area of the temporal bone lines by a soft tissue membrane connected to the pharynx by the eustachianntube and contains the ossicles

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86
Q

What separates the middle ear from the inner ear

A

The oval and round windows

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87
Q

What is horner’s syndrome

A

Because if the sympathetic fibers in the middle ear, horner’s syndrom is caused by a disruption of the nerve pathway

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88
Q

What are the signs of horner’s syndrome

A

Drooping eye lid (ptosis) third eyelid prolapse, retracted globe, constricted pupil (meiosis) and sweating in horses

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89
Q

What are the three ossivles in the middle ear

A

The malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)

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90
Q

What do the ossicles do

A

A system of levers that transmit and amplify aound vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the cochlea

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91
Q

What is the malleus connected to

A

Attached to the tympanic membrane

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92
Q

What is the incus connected to

A

Form the synovial joint to link the 2 other ossicles

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93
Q

What is the stapes connected to

A

Attached ti the membrane of the oval window of the cochlea

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94
Q

What are the two small muscles in the middle ear important for

A

Dampens loud noises

One attaches to the stapes and the other to the malleus

When they contract they reduce vibrations and protect the inner ear from loud noises

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95
Q

What is the eustachian tube

A

Functions to equalize pressure on both sides of thebtympanic membrane and protect it from rupturing

Creates “popping” to equalize in changes of pressure/altitude

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96
Q

What is the guttural pouch

A

A latge air filled diverticulum in the eustachian tube of horses

Contains a beanch of the carotid artery

This is the coolong device for blood flowing to the brain (activated by exercise)

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97
Q

What cranial nerves pass along the wall of the guttural pouch

A

CN VII, IX and XII

98
Q

What is the inner ear

A

Site where hearing and balance in sensed

99
Q

What parts are included in the inner ear

A

Cochlea
Vestibule
Semicircular canals

100
Q

What is the hearing portion of the ear

A

The cochlea

101
Q

The cochlea is the ____ and the spiral tibe inside of it is the _____

A

Bone cavity

Cochlear duct

102
Q

There is a ___ channel that isnon either sodenof the cochlear duct

A

Fluid channel

103
Q

The two arms of the cochlear duct form a ___ at the apex of the cochlea

A

U shaped tube

104
Q

The u shaped tube/cochlear duct has two openings

A

The oval window and the round window

105
Q

The oval window attaches to the

A

Stapes

106
Q

The round window

A

Lets out sound from the cochlea

107
Q

The cochlear duct houses the

A

Organ of corti

108
Q

The organ of corti has cilia on the apical surface and nerve endings at the base of the hairs, the hairs are covered in the

A

Tectorial membrane

109
Q

Movement of the hairs of the organ of cortis depend on ___ and ___ to kove th tectorial membrane

A

Sound waves Fluid movement

110
Q

Sound perception:

Sound waves cause typanis mambrane and ossicles to

A

Vibrate

111
Q

Sound perception:

As the stapes vibrates it pushes and pulls on the

A

Oval window of the cochlea

112
Q

Sound perception:

Vibrations of the oval window are transferred to

A

The organ of corti which vibrates hairs

113
Q

Sound perception:

The bending of hairs in the organ of corti generates

A

Nerve impulses that travel to the brain via the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) to be interpreted as sound

114
Q

Different frequencies are felt at different parts of the organ of corti, this allows for

A

Differentiation of sounds (partly due to the length of hairs)

115
Q

What helps the ears to localize sound better

A

A slight asymmetry in the ears

116
Q

Where is equilibrium sensed

A

The semicircular canals

117
Q

What is equilibrium

A

The ability to mainatin balance by tracking the position and movement so of the head

118
Q

Receptors for equilibrium are in portions of the inner ear;

A

The vestibule and the semicircular canals

119
Q

Sensory input for equilibrium are also from

A

Proprioceptors and vision

120
Q

What is the equilibrium triad

A

The vestibule, vision and proprioceptive receptors

121
Q

What causes motion sickness

A

Conflicting signals from vision and vestibular systems

122
Q

What does the vestibule sense

A

Static equilibrium or linear motion

123
Q

The vestibule is made of 2 saclike spaces, contain a patch of sensitive epithelium which has

A

Sensitive hairs and supporting cells covered in a gelatinous fluid that contains otoliths

124
Q

What are otoliths

A

Tiny crystals made of calcium bicarbonate

125
Q

What does tilting the head cause to the otoliths

A

Shifts the otoliths due to graviuty and bends the hairs, which generates the nerve impulses sent to the brain

126
Q

What is a sign often seen with vestibular disease

A

Circling and loss of balance

127
Q

What do the semicircular canals sensen

A

Dynamic equilibrium or rotary motion

128
Q

The 3 semicircular canals are arranged at

A

Right angles to eachother

129
Q

The 3 canals sense movement based on their 3 planes of orientation

A

Horizontal
Frontal
Sagittal

130
Q

The semicircular canals are similar to the vestibule but have no

A

Otoliths

131
Q

The hairs of the semicircular canals stick up into a

A

Gelatinous fluid which is a free floating structure in the canals that move with the fluid

132
Q

As the head rotates the fluid lags due to

A

Inertia

133
Q

Movement of the geleatinous fluid in the semicircular canals causes the

A

Hair to bend and generates nerve impulses

134
Q

What is normal nystagmus

A

Jerky movement of the eyes that occurs when the head is rotated side to side

Eyes try and remain on a stationary object duriing movement, but jumps to the next stationary object when it changes vision fields

135
Q

What is abnormal nystagmus

A

Jerky eye movements when there is no head movement

Has a fast and slow phase usually in a horizontal plane

136
Q

What is abnormal nystagmus a sign of

A

General anesthesia

Vestibular disease

137
Q

What is pendular nystagmus

A

A lifelong condition of minor significance (often in cows and cats)

Has no obvious fast or slow phase

138
Q

Who is prone to nystagmus and strabismus

A

Siamese cats

They do not have stereoscopic vision so this does not bother them

139
Q

What is strabismus

A

When the eye do not line up with one another

140
Q

What two terms are used when referring to the eye

A

Ocular

Ophthalmic

141
Q

What is the outer fibrous layer of the eye composed of

A

Cornea
Sclera
Limbus

142
Q

What is the cornea

A

Transparent anterior part of the eye that lets light into the eye

Has no blood vessels but has lots of nerves (very painful when damaged)

143
Q

Why might the transparent cornea become opaque

A

When it dried out or becomes edematous (swollen with water)

144
Q

What is the sclera

A

The white of the eye, tough layer that gives shape and protects the inner structures

145
Q

What is the limbus

A

The junction between the sclera and the cornea

Can be used for landmarking

146
Q

What is the middle vascular layer of the eye composed of

A

choroid
Iris
Ciliary body

147
Q

What is the choroid

A

At the back of the eye between the sclera and retina

Mainly contains dark melanin and blood vessels

148
Q

What is the tapetum

A

The reflective layer on the choroid responsible for night vision because it causes light to bounce back through photoreceptors a second time to be processed again

Not found in pig or humans

149
Q

What is the iris

A

The colored portion of the eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye

150
Q

What is the pupil

A

The central opening/hole of the iris where light enters

151
Q

The two layers of muscles of the iris

A

One like the spokes of a wheel to open the eye

Other is arranged circularly to contract the eye

152
Q

Where does the iris get its nerve supply

A

The autonomic NS

Sympathetic: dilates the eye

Parasympathetic: constricts the eye

153
Q

What is the ciliary body

A

Holds and helps focus the lens (focused by contraction and relaxation of the ciliary muscles)

154
Q

How does the ciliary body connect to the lens

A

By the suspensory ligaments that attatch to the lens

155
Q

What does the ciliary body produce

A

Aqueous humor

156
Q

What is the inner nervous layer of the eye composed of

A

The retina

157
Q

What is the retina

A

Functions to collect light/image

Contains the rods and cones which are sensory receptors for light

Nerves and vessels of the retina converge at the optic disc

The surface of the retina is sometimes called the fundus

158
Q

Where does the retina originate

A

The optic nerve (where the nerve fibers enter and exit the eye to the optic nerve

159
Q

What are the two compartments of the eye

A

Aqueous compartment

Vitreous compartment

160
Q

What is the aqueous compartment and what is it divided into

A

Between the cornea and the lens, divided into the anterior and posterior chamber

Anterior: in front of the iris

Posterior: between the iris and the lens

161
Q

The aqueous compartment is constantly filled with aqueous humor, this is primarily responsible for

A

Maintaining the internal pressure of the eye

162
Q

Where does the aqueous humor drain into and why

A

Through the canals of Schlemm to be recylcled by the body (at the anterior chamber where the cornea meets the iris)

163
Q

If drainage of the aqueous humor does not occur fast enough or if there is excess production what can happen

A

It can lead to glaucoma

Increased intraocular pressure due to accumulation of fluid and damages the optic nerve
Can be genetic or caused by inflammation of the canal of schlemm

164
Q

What is enucleation

A

Eyeball removal (may be needed for glaucoma)

165
Q

What is the vitreous compartment of the eye

A

Located between the lens and retina

Filled with a jelly like fluid called the vitreous humor

Maintains the shape of the eye and hold the retina in place

166
Q

What is the lens

A

Soft transparent elastic biconvex structure made of tiny protein fibers that lacks blood vessles and nerves

167
Q

How does the lens affect the light entering the eye

A

The ciliary body contracts and pulls the lens flatter or maskes it rounder in order to focus light

168
Q

If the lens is rounded it is for

A

Up close vision

169
Q

What is eyestrain

A

Exhaustion of the ciliary body muscle when focusing on close up onjects for too long

170
Q

Most fish can change the shape of their lens so they

A

Adjust the length of their eye

171
Q

The lens can become ___ with age

A

Opaque

Old fibers harden and lose transparency, gives a bluish hue to the lens

172
Q

When the lens becomes opaque, what is this called

A

Lenticular sclerosis or nuclear sclerosis

173
Q

What is the difference between lenticular and nuclear sclerosis

A

Lenticular: the whole lens

Nuclear: center of the lens

Sclerosis: thickening

174
Q

Lenticular and nuclear sclerosis may progress into

A

Cataracts

175
Q

What is cataracts

A

White opacity of the lens

May cause blindness

Common in old dogs

Can develop in younger animals due to heredity or diseases (infection, trauma, diabetes mellitus, radiation/UV)

176
Q

How do you treat cataracts

A

Surgical lens removal

177
Q

If the whole eye is cloudy (can’t see the iris) the ___ is damaged

A

Cornea

178
Q

If the eye is cloudy but you CAN see the ris the ___ is damaged

A

Lens

179
Q

If you can’t see into the eye then the animal

A

Can’t see out of it

180
Q

What is the optic disc

A

The point at which the nerve leaves the eye to transmit visual info to the brain

181
Q

Why is the optic disc the blind spot in vision

A

Bevause it has no photoreceptors so any light hitting it does not contribute to the image

182
Q

True or false

The brain can fill in the gap in detail of the blind spot

A

True

183
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptors

A

Rods and cones

184
Q

What are rods good for

A

Function well in dim light but do NOT detect color and have poor sensitivity to detail (predominant in animals)

185
Q

What do cones detect

A

Function well in bright light, detect color and great sensitivity to detail

C=color=cones

186
Q

True or false

Animals are color blind

A

FALSE
Animals aren’t often color blind but they see the world in washed out colors

Animals have a low number of cones

187
Q

Primates have an area on the center of the retina called the macula, what is this

A

Has a high concentration of cones, give excellent clarity and precise vision

188
Q

Why are animals good at detecting motion

A

Because they have a higher number of rods (motion stimulates rods more than a static image)

189
Q

What do rods require to function

A

A protein called rhodopsin

190
Q

What does rhodopsin synthesis require

A

Vitamin A

191
Q

Vit A deficiency can lead to

A

Night blindness and eventaully total blindness

192
Q

What is refraction

A

The bending of light rays as they pass from one medium to another at an oblique angle

193
Q

Explain the pathway of light

A 
Air 
Cornea 
Aqueous humor 
Lens 
Vitreous humor 
Retina
194
Q

What structure has the most significant contribution to refraction

A

The cornea

195
Q

What is the only controllable structure in the eye for refraction

A

The lens

196
Q

True or flase

The image in the eye is initially formed upside down

A

TRUE

197
Q

What is refractive eye surgery

A

Cuts the cornea to alter its shape and correct changes in vision

198
Q

Nerves from the optic nerve merage at the ___ and some nerves cross over to the other side of the ___

A

Merge at the optic chiasm and cross over to the other side of the brain

199
Q

When nerves crooss over to the other side of the brain, it allows info from slightly different views to converge on the same part of the brain, this allows for

A

Stereoscopic vision and depth perception

200
Q

You need ___ vision to see 3D objects

A

Binocular vision

201
Q

Predators have better binocular vision but in a ___ range

A

Narrow range

202
Q

Prey animals have narrow ranges of binocular vision but have a wide range of ___ vision

A

Monocular vision

203
Q

What is responsible for conscious perception of images

A

The cerebrum

204
Q

What is the conjunctiva of the eye

A

Special mucous membranes lining the eyeball and eyelid, covers the visual pary of the sclera and cornea and the inner surface of the eyelid

205
Q

What is the palpebral conjunctiva

A

Lines the inner surface of the eyelid

206
Q

What is the bulbar conjunctiva

A

Reflection of the conjunctiva into the eyeball

207
Q

What do different colors of the conjunctiva indicate

A

Paleness: anemia
Yellow: jaundice
Dark purple: cyanosis

208
Q

Inflammation of the conjunctiva is called

A

Conjunctivitis

Result of bacteria/viruses/irritants

Responds quickly to treatment

209
Q

The lateral and medial junctions of the eyelids are all the later and medial

A

Canthus

210
Q

What are the meibomian glands

A

Glands that line the margins of the eyelid

Secrete a waxy substance that conatin tears in the eye

211
Q

Meibomian glands can be come plugged/enlarged/ cancerous, how can you treat a plugged meibomian gland

A

Hot compresses or pulling out the associated eyelash

212
Q

What is the nictitating membrane

A

The third eyelid -fold of conjunctiva reinforced by a T shaped cartilage at the medial canthus of the eye

Has lymphatic tissue

Also has an accessory lacrimal gland

213
Q

What is cherry eye

A

A protrusion of the third eyelid when the lacrimal gland is not properly attached and prolapses and becomes inflammed

Treatment is to remove the third eyelid and/or duct and treat inflammation

214
Q

Retraction of the eyeball or external pressure causes the third eyelid to

A

Passively close across the cornea

215
Q

What is the lacrimal gland

A

Pink glands located on the dorsolateral aspect of the eyeball that releases tears onto the surface of the eye

216
Q

Tears are made of 3 sources/layers

A

From the conjunctiva (has antibacterial substances)

From the lacrimal glands: moisturizes the cornea (bulk of watery fluid)

From the tarsal gland: wazy substance that minimizes evaporation and spillage of tears (meibomian glands)

217
Q

What is the lacrimal duct

A

An opening which drains excess tears on the upper and lower eyelids nears the medial canthus

218
Q

Describe the pathway tears are drained

A

Lacrimal canaliculi
Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct
Nasal cavity

219
Q

Many dogs have poorly formed or imperforate ducts causing characteristic

A

Tear staining below the eye

220
Q

How many muscles attach to the eye

A

6 muscles

4 straight
2 oblique

221
Q

What is the retractor bulbi muscle in the eye

A

Pulls the eye deeper into the socket and protrudes the third eyelid

222
Q

What is entropian abnormality

A

An inversion of the lid margins into the eye

Eyelashes irritates the corneal and conjunctival surfaces and causes chronic abrasion of the cornea and results in a cloudy cornea

223
Q

What is an ectropion abnormality

A

An eversion of the lid margins causing chronic conjunctival exposure, excessive discharge, abrasion of the cornea, droppy eyes and imflammation because of the debris getting stuck in the eye

Common in droppy eyed dogs (basset hounds)

224
Q

What is cherry eye

A

A genestic weakness in attachment of the gland to the third eyelid

Inflammation or prolapse of the gland and third eyelid

Common in young dogs and droopy eyed dogs

225
Q

What happens with an obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct

A

Causes tears to run down the face instead of inot the nasal canal (discoloration)

Caused by genetic malformation, inflammation, foreign bodies or infection

226
Q

What happens with prolapse of the eye (proptosis or exophthalmos)

A

Acute prolapse of the eye as a result of trauma

Most common in dogs and cats

Prognosis for retention of vision is poor

Prognosis for retention of globe is good

227
Q

What is ocular squamous cell carcinoma (cancer eye)

A

Most common in white faced outdoor aniamls (exposed to sun more)

Has hereditary bases

Usually occurs in solder animals

Tumor may originate from eyelids, conjunctiva or third eyelid

The cancerous or precancerous leions can be present in both eyes and can be removed in early stages

228
Q

What are corneal ulcers

A

Often because of trauma or infection (leads to progression)

Diagnosed with fluorescein stain

229
Q

Shallow corneal ulcers heal ___ by epithelialization

A

Rapidly

230
Q

Deep corneal ulcers need vessles to grow in from the ___ in order to heal because they have no blood vessels in the cornea

A

Limbus

231
Q

What is keratitis

A

Inflammation of the cornea with resulting edema, vascularization, scarring and pigmentation

If you can’t see the iris, it may include a corneal ulcer

232
Q

Keratitis is seen in all species because of

A

Mechanical damage
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Ectropion
Infections

233
Q

What is conjunctivitis

A

Inflammation and/or infection of the conjunctiva

Associated with physical irritation to dust or infection

Results in excessive tear production and third eyelid swelling

234
Q

What is keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye)

A

Due to tear deficiency

Usually results in conjunctivitis, corneal ulceration or corneal scarring

Results in inflammation due to drying (sicca)

235
Q

What is nuclear sclerosis

A

Blusih transparent haze that develops in the lens of the eye in older animals

Animals can still see

236
Q

What is glaucoma

A

Increase in intraocular pressure that dmages the retina and optic nerve leading to blindness

Very painful (only presenting concern)

237
Q

What is cataracts

A

Opacity fo the lens

Immature: not the whole lens
Mature: entire lens

Common in older aniamls or with diabetes mellitus

Can be secondary to inflammation of the uvea

Juvenile cataracts are more often inherited especially in horses and in dogs (spaniels and siberian huskies)

238
Q

What is progressive retinal atrophy

A

Night blindness leading to total blindness

An inherited disease complex seen in irish setters and collies as young as 4-6 months and in mini poodles as old as 5 years

239
Q

What is otitis externa

A

Inflammation of the pinna and external auditory canal

May be caused by trauma, excess wax, moisture or hair or ear mites

Most common in floppy ear dogs

Signs: painful itchy smelly ears (from yeast)

240
Q

What is otitis media or interna

A

Usually progressing from otitis externa from an infection tracking in the eustachian tube from the nasopharynx

More difficult to treat than otitis externa

Signs: head shaking, head tilt, circling and loss of balance with otitis interna

May lead to meningitis and death (close to the brain)

241
Q

What is deafness

A

Can be aquired or congenital (syndrome in cats causing white fur, blue eyes and deafness -autosomal genes is dominant with partial expression for deafness)

Anatomy And Physiology (8 decks)

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