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Anatomy And Physiology > Final Exam 2 > Flashcards

Final Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Tight junctions

A

Outer layers of the plasma membranes between two cells are fused
Creates a fluid tight seal
Prevent penetration and leakages
Important for the urinary bladder

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2
Q

Desmosomes

A

Anchoring junctions
Made of interlocking filaments
Filaments penetrate from the plaque into the cytoplasm to stabilize the bond
Important for areas with lots of stretching
Skin heart and uterus

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3
Q

Gap junctions

A

Communicating junctions
Fluid filled tunnels between the cells
Connexons: tubular channel proteins link adjoining cells
Allows rapid exchange of nutrients and ion change signals

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4
Q

Microvilli

A

Finger like projections
Non-motile
Bush border of the cell
Increases surface area for better absorption and secretion

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5
Q

Cilia

A

Thousands of hairlike structures
Motile: in a wave like motion
Helps move mucus and debris out of things like the trachea

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6
Q

Simple squamous epithelia

A

Single layer of cells
Scale like with irregular outlines
Thin
Reduces friction, filtration and nutrient exchange
Air sacs of lungs, lining blood vessels and heart, pleura/peritoneal/pericardial lining

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7
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelia

A

Single layer, cube shaped cells
Lining, secretion, absorption
No protection from abrasion
ovary, kidney tubules, pancreas

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8
Q

Simple columnar epithelia non ciliated

A

No cilia but has microvilli
Absorption, secretion and protection with goblet cells
Gastrointestinal tract

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9
Q

Simple columnar ciliated epithelia

A

Moves fluids or particles along passage ways by ciliary action
Uterine tubes, paranasal sinuses, spinal cord canal

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10
Q

Stratified squamous epithelia

A

Skin
Cuboidal/columnar at the basal layer
As the cells die and move up they become keratinized and squamous
Protection

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11
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelia

A

Protection

Ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands

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12
Q

Stratified columnar epithelia

A

Protection and secretion from goblet cells

Rare: parts of urethra, pharynx

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13
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelia

A

All cells are attached to the basal layer but other some reach the surface
The nuclei are found at different levels and give the appearance of being stratified (actually simple)
Can be plain or ciliated
Often contain goblet cells
Upper respiratory tract or glandular ducts
Protection, secretion, movement of mucus by ciliary action

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14
Q

Transitional epithelia

A

Good in areas with lots of stretching like the urinary bladder
Start off as stratified and cuboidal/columnar and as they stretch they become squamous and simple
Permits distension without leakage

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15
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

Gland fills with secretory material and discharges entire cell contents
Completely destroys the cell

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16
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

Gland has vesicles which pass secretory material through the cell membrane without any significant loss of cytoplasm

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17
Q

Apocrine secretion

A

Secretory material gets pushed to the apex of the cell and the apex explodes releasing the secretion
Only some cytoplasm is lost

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18
Q

Steps of inflammation

A

1: very short lived vasoconstriction
2: histamine and heparin are released from mast cells and causes vasodilation this causes redness and swelling and brings nutrients to the area
3: fluid enters the area and furthers swelling and irritates the nerve
4: a clot forms and a net of fibrin forms to trap bacteria and isolate the site, if it is on the skin it is called a scab which protects and covers the wound
5: macrophages and neutrophils enter the area and clear debris and bacteria and these quickly die to form pus
6: histamine and heparin levels drop and the swelling and redness settles down

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19
Q

First intention wound healing

A

Wound edges are close in apposition and results in minimal scarring

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20
Q

Second intention wound healing

A

Wound edges separated and granulation tissue forms over the gap and a moderate scar forms

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21
Q

Third intention wound healing

A

Large extensive wound gap with severe scarring and delayed healing

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22
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Form bone
Adds Minerals to ossify
Metabolically active

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23
Q

Osteocytes

A

Osteoblasts that have been trapped in lacunae of ossified matrix
Can convert to osteoblasts when needed (injury)
Less metabolically active than osteoblasts

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24
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Cells that eat away or remove bone
Important for remodelling and growth
Allows body to withdraw calcium from bone

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25
Q

Osteon or haversian system

A

Functional unit of compact bone

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26
Q

Nutrient foramina

A

Large channel through which arteries, veins, and nerves penetrate to feed the bone marrow

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27
Q

Endochondral bone formation

A

Bone grows into and replaces cartilage framework

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28
Q

Intramembranous bone formation

A

Bone develops from fibrous tissue membranes

Fibrous tissue membranes cover the brain of the fetus and as it matures these membranes are ossified

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29
Q

Calcitonin

A

Decreases blood calcium levels

Inhibits the release of calcium from bones

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30
Q

Spina Bifida

A

A cleft or space in the dorsal part of the vertebral column

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31
Q

Hemi vertebrae

A

Failure if the vertebral body to ossify resulting in an improperly formed or shaped vertebrae

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32
Q

Wobblers

Cervical intervertebral instability

A

Narrowing of the spinal canal and compresses the spinal cord
Common in dobermans, Great Danes and horses

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33
Q

Luxation

A

Dislocation

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34
Q

Intervertebral disc disease

A

Degeneration of the intervertebral discs

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35
Q

Fracture healing

A

Fracture hematoma forms
Osteoblasts invade area and start to form in a callus
Calcium salts are deposited to ossify the callus
Initial healing complete

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36
Q

Slow twitch fibers

A

Slower to contract
Sustained contractions for longer
Aerobic
More mitochondria and myoglobin

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37
Q

Fast twitch fibers

A

Fast contractions
Fatigue easily
Short bursts of contractions
Powered by ATP and not much oxygen

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38
Q

Smooth muscle

A 
Involuntary
Nonstriated
Single nuclei 
Unbranched 
Nerve supply is not needed for visceral muscle but is needed for multi unit muscle
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39
Q

Cardiac muscle

A 
Involuntary 
Striated 
Single nuclei 
Branched 
Nerve supple needed to contract
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40
Q

Skeletal muscle

A 
Voluntary 
Striated 
Multinucleated 
Unbranched 
Nerve supply needed for contraction
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41
Q

Order of the layers of the heart from most outer layer to most inner layer

A

1: fibrous pericardium
2: parietal pericardium
3: pericardial space
4: visceral pericardium/epicardium
5: myocardium
6: endocardium

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42
Q

S1

A

Atrioventricular valves closing during ventricular contraction
“Lub”

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43
Q

S2

A

“Dub”

Closing of the semilunar valves at the end of systole

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44
Q

S3

A

Passive filling of the ventricles

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45
Q

S4

A

Atrial contraction

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46
Q

Tetralogy of fallout

A

Pulmonic stenosis
Interventricular septal defect
Malpositioning of the aorta
Ventricular hypertrophy

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47
Q

Murmurs

A

Abnormal heart sounds

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48
Q

Arrhythmias

A

Abnormal rhythms or rates

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49
Q

Left sided heart failure

A

Congestive heart failure
Back pressure increases at the end of Pulmonary capillaries and forced fluid out causing edema
Lung congestion

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50
Q

Right sided heart failure

A 
Fluid backs up into the abdomen/venacaves 
Jugular veins engorged 
Ascites: fluid build up in abdomen 
Hydrothorax: fluid build up in chest
Subcutaneous edema
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51
Q

Route for passing a stomach tube

A

Ventral nasal meatus

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52
Q

Surfactant

A

Chemical that reduces the “stickiness” of the alveolar walls and assists in expansion during breathing and prevents lung collapse

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53
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air leaks into the space between the lung and thoracic wall

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54
Q

Keratinocyte

A 
Gives resiliency and strength 
Waterproofs the skin 
Majority of cells
Produced at the basal layer 
As cells move up from basal layer, it dies and become keratinized 
Sloughed off at the surface (shed)
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55
Q

Epidermis

A

Outermost layer of skin

No blood vessels

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56
Q

Melanocyte

A

Less common
Found on basal layer
Produces melanin pigment
Protects against UV light

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57
Q

Langerhan cells

A

Type of macrophage

Phagocytizes micro-invaders

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58
Q

Merkel cells

A

In the basal layer

Associated with sensory nerve endings

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59
Q

5 layers of hairless epidermis

A

1: stratum corneum (cornified)
2: stratum lucidum (clear)
3: stratum granulosum (granular layer)
4: stratum spinosum (spiny layer)
5: stratum germinativum (basal layer)

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60
Q

3 layers of hairy epidermis

A

1: stratum corneum
2: stratum spinosum
3: stratum basale

Has folds of skins which hair grows out of
Epidermal papillae: where tactile hairs grow from

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61
Q

Dermis

A

Tough layer
Highly fibrous: dense irregular connective tissue (collagen runs is different directions) (very strong)
Has: hair follicles, nerve endings, glands, smooth muscle, blood vessels, lymphatic channels

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62
Q

2 layers of the dermis

A

Papillary layer: thin superficial layer
Nerve endings
Reticular layer: majority of the dermis

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63
Q

Hypodermis

A

Subcutaneous layer
Primarily adipose tissue
Thick layer below the dermis
Contains pacinian corpuscles: special touch receptor for heavy pressure
Allows skin to move freely over underlying structures

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64
Q

Two basic types of of melanin

A

Black and orange

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65
Q

Shading and darkness depends on

A

How much melanin is present

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66
Q

Albinos produce

A

No melanin

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67
Q

Paw pads

A

Thick layer of fat and connective tissue covered by thick epithelium

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68
Q

Paw pads functions

A

Shock absorbers
Insulation
Protection

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69
Q

Thickest and toughest skin on the body (has all 5 layers)

A

Paw pads

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70
Q

Do paw pads have exocrine glands

A

Yes, this is where most animals sweat from

Except for horses

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71
Q

Chestnuts

A

Dark horny structure in the medial aspect of the carpus/tarsus

72
Q

Ergots

A

Dark horny structure buried in the caudal hairs of the fetlock joint (distal to chestnuts)

73
Q

Plenum nasale/nasolabiale

A 
Skin around the nose 
Thickened epithelium 
Extends to lips in large animals 
Aglandular in small animals 
Glandular in sheep and cattle
74
Q

If sick cows stop licking their nose

A

Cows lick to keep their nose clean
If they stop licking (and mucus is present) it can indicate the cow is sick
Clear mucus: not upper respiratory infection
Yellow/green mucus: possible upper respiratory infection

75
Q

Cutaneous pouches in sheep

A

Infoldings of skin that contain hair, sebaceous and oils glands
Three locations: infraorbital, interdigital, inguinal
Fatty Yellow secretion dries and sticks to skin (smelly)

76
Q

PRISH

A 
Pain
Redness 
Immobility 
Swelling
Heat
77
Q

How do food allergies often manifest in dogs and cats

A

Skin problems
Ear problems
Anal sac disease

78
Q

Cats may develop this from skin problems

A

Compulsive grooming behaviours leading to alopecia

79
Q

Functions of hair

A

Traps air for insulation
Dark colors absorb heat from light
Protection via camouflage

80
Q

3 parts of hair

A

Shaft: part visible above the skin
Root: part below the skin
Follicle: infolding of the epidermis into the dermis/hypodermis

81
Q

3 layers of the hair shaft

A

Medulla: core of the hair
Cortex: hard keratin (thickest layer)
Cuticle: thin layer of cells on the surface of the hair arranged in shingle-like layers

82
Q

Hair bulb

A

Deepest part of the hair follicle

83
Q

Papilla

A

Mound of dermal cells at the base of the bulb

84
Q

Matrix of hair

A

Rapidly dividing epithelial cells covering the papilla
Nourished by vessels below it
As the cells divide, they push older ones up and they become keratinized and die and then become hair

85
Q

Root hair plexus

A

Web of sensory nerve endings around the root of hair
Makes hair sensitive to touch (tactile hairs)
Not every hair has a sensory nerve

86
Q

Compound hair follicle

A

Multiple strands of hair, each with its own follicle, can emerge from a single pore

87
Q

Three stages of hair growth

A

Anagen: growth
Catagen: transition
Telogen: resting/shedding

88
Q

During telogen (shedding)

A

The hair bulb separates from the dermis

Hair falls out or is pushed out when the new hair starts to grow

89
Q

Telogen effluvium

A

Shedding

90
Q

When does shedding occur

A

Seasonally (photoperiod)
Disease
Hormonal changes (parturition)

91
Q

Hair color

A

Is in the cortex and medulla of hair strand

Melanin produced at the base of the hair follicle

92
Q

Different pigmentation depends on

A

Quantity of melanin
Type of melanin (orange, black/brown)
no melanin (white)
Age (decreases with age)

93
Q

Primary hairs

A

Straight or arched
Thicker and longer
Come to the surface of the coat
Guard hairs

94
Q

Secondary hairs

A

Softer and shorter than guard hairs
“Undercoat”
Compound hair follicles: long primary hairs surrounded by secondary hairs
Wool is an example

95
Q

Describe wool

A

Often waxy due to lanolin

Lanolin is water proofing and used in skin ointments

96
Q

Tactile hairs

A

Sinus hairs or whiskers
Mixed intermediately throughout the hair coat (adds sensation)
Follicle is Highly innervated

97
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

Small, smooth muscle
Attached to hair follicles
Innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (autonomic)
Contraction pulls the hair erect
Used for warmth to trap air, and to make animal look bigger when threatened

98
Q

Sudoriferous glands

A

Sweat glands
Produces a watery transparent liquid
Helps cool the body through evaporation

99
Q

Two types of sudoriferous glands

A

Eccrine: empty onto the surface of the skin (Merocrine and Holocrine)
Apocrine: empty onto the hair follicle

100
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Oily secretion
In the dermis
Empties onto the skin or into hair follicle
Produce sebum: oily lipid substance
Ear canal (eat wax), lips, labia, penis, prepuce, anus, eyelid

101
Q

Sebum functions

A 
Traps moisture
Keeps skin and hair soft 
Waterproofing
Reduces risk of infection 
Production is hormone sensitive (increases at puberty)
102
Q

Acne or white/black heads

A

Sebum binds dead skin cells
Blocks duct openings
Ducts swell and may rupture
Sebaceous cysts: duct is often destroyed

103
Q

Tail and chin glands

A

Dogs and cats have large sebaceous glands at the dorsal base of the tails
Hairs are coarse and oily here
Assists animal in identification (smelly)
Most noticeable in cats (called stud tail)

104
Q

Anal sacs

A

Reservoir for malodorous secretions
Lined with sebaceous and apocrine glands
On the Lateral margins of the anus
Expressed at: defecation (territory marking) and when the animal is frightened

105
Q

Anal sac disease

A

Anal sacs become impacted or infected
Results in: scooting, pain/discomfort, licking and biting area, painful defecation, can rupture
Can be a sign of allergies
Treatment: expression, removal, disinfecting

106
Q

Onychectomy

A

Claw amputation/removal

107
Q

Dewclaws

A

Remnants of the first digit
Cows pigs and sheep have both medial and lateral dewclaws (2 and 5 digit)
Pigs’ dewclaws have bone (ruminants don’t)

108
Q

Hoof wall

A

Divided into toe, quarters, and heel region
Thickest at the toe and thinnest at the heel
Horn tubes: tiny vertical lines running from coronary band to the ground
Rings around the hoof represent different periods of growth
Grows continuously from corium of the coronary band down
Expand as weight is put on the hoof

109
Q

Corium

A 
Modified dermis 
Tissue underlying the hoof is sensitive and vascular 
Divided into: 
Coronary band Corium 
Perioplic Corium (layer below the coronary band like the cuticle on a nail)
Laminar (wall) Corium 
Sole Corium 
Frog Corium
110
Q

Periople or perioplic corium

A

Region 2-3cm at proximal border of the hoof

Epidermal cells here produce the external layer of the hoof wall

111
Q

Coronet or coronary Corium

A

Distal and deep to perioplic Corium
Cells here produce the middle layer of the hoof wall Thick tough, weight bearing
Hoof grows from the coronary band

112
Q

How does the Corium and hoof wall attach to each other

A

Hoof and Corium form laminae which interlock
Permit the wall to grow while allowing movement
Non sensitive

113
Q

Sole

A 
Bottom (plantar) surface of the hoof
Concave 
Not primary weight bearing surface 
No nerve superficially
Protects from injury 
Made of keratin
114
Q

White line

A

Indicates the junction of the sole and hoof wall

115
Q

Frog

A 
Triangular shaped structure 
Central and collateral sulcus 
Cushions at the heel of the foot
Reduces slipping 
Mechanically pumps blood back up from the leg
116
Q

Digital cushion

A

Thick pad of fat and fibrous tissue below the frog

117
Q

Laminitis (founder)

A

Inflammation of the laminae attaching the hoof wall to the Corium
Most common cause: dietary (sudden increase in grain or rapidly growing fresh spring grass)
Results in a bacterial overgrowth and fermentation in the large intestine
The toxins produced create inflammation of the hoof wall and compresses vessels
Coffin bone may rotate or sink within the hoof, can even penetrate the sole

118
Q

Signs of founder disease

A

Front feet are often affected worse
Horse stands with front legs extended and hind legs under the body
If all feet are affected than the horse will stand with all its feel tucked under a hunched body
Or horse will lie down a lot
Sunken in sole, or penetrating coffin bone
Hooves are warm to the touch
Hoof wall curls up at toe

119
Q

Treatment of founders

A 
Pain relief and anti inflammatory meds 
Ice (enzymes that breakdown the laminae are temperature sensitive)
Minimal exercise 
Shoeing, trimming
Feed management
120
Q

Prevention of founder

A

Limit high CHO feeds like grain, molasses and corn

Monitor feet and treat at first signs

121
Q

Sand cracks

A

VERTICAL Cracks in the hoof wall
Named for region of occurrence
Often painless but can be painful if they are full thickness
Causes:
Improper trimming (beginning at solar border)
Defect in hoof formation (beginning at coronary band)
Excessive drying of the hoof

122
Q

Thrush

A

Degenerative condition of the frog
Associated with a build up of microorganisms in the sulci
Black necrotic foul smelling material in affected area

123
Q

Contracted foot/heels

A 
Foot is narrower than normal 
Can be caused by lack of frog pressure or from being improperly shoed 
Front feet more commonly affected
Can cause lameness known as hoof bound 
Reduces frog size
124
Q

Navicular disease

A

Chronic degenerative condition of the navicular bone
Begins with loss of cartilage and inflammation of bursa between the navicular bone and tendons
Heel pain and lameness
Common in race horses
Causes:
Trauma from landing and sudden weight bearing during racing
Defective shoeing

125
Q

Bruised sole

A

Direct injury from stones or irregular ground or trauma
Poor shoeing
Can cause lameness

126
Q

Interdigital dermatitis/Slurry heel

A

Bacterial degeneration of the heel
Disease of cattle From the bacteria found in liquid manure (slurry)
Not usually painful
Treated with topical disinfectants

127
Q

Foot rot/interdigital necrobacillosis

A

Proliferation inflammation (necrotizing) of interdigital space, coronary region and P3
Caused by microorganisms (same as thrush)
Signs: foul smell, redness, swelling, discharge from damaged interdigital skin, lameness
Very responsive to antibiotics

128
Q

Interdigital fibroma (corns) (bovine)

A

Proliferation of the tissue of the interdigital cleft
Associated with foot rot and interdigital dermatitis
Mass of connective tissue projecting down between the claws
Walking becomes painful as the corns grow
Can become ulcerated and cause lameness

129
Q

Overgrown hoof

A

Long hoof wall, usually lateral claw
The lateral wall curls under the sole
Toe gets excessively long

130
Q

Hoof wall fissures (bovine)

A

Vertical or horizontal
If found in one claw, corresponding claw on opposite foot should be checked
Vertical fissures: (sand cracks) usually from overgrown hooves resulting in abnormal weight bearing
Horizontal fissures: (thimbling) usually occurs in mature dairy cows following laminitis

131
Q

Laminitis (founder) in bovine

A

Inflammation and damage to the tissue between the hoof and coffin bone
Most foot lameness of cattle is directly or indirectly related to laminitis
Major cause: ingestion of excessive amounts of grain
Damages coronary band (doesn’t grow properly)

132
Q

Ulceration of the sole

A

More prevalent in dairy cattle in confined quarters
Front feet of bulls and rear feet of cows
Signs: lameness and areas where horn is lost

133
Q

Syndactyly (mule foot)

A

Partial or complete fusion of digits 1 or more feet at birth

Ex. Bovine have 2 claws but it is born with only 1

134
Q

Horns

A

Bone covered with epidermis
Keratin tubules bound to periosteum of underlying bony core
Starts as epithelial horn bud and grows out as a solid structure that become hollow
Hollow because of the sinus cavity
Male and females can have horns
Grow continuously

135
Q

Only species that shed horns annually

A

Pronghorned antelope

136
Q

Polled

A

Bred to have NO horns but can have remnants

137
Q

Non-polled

A

Bred to have horns

138
Q

Antlers

A

Only in males
Shed annually
Bony growth that is nourished by velvet on the outside
Once grown, a connective tissue ring forms like a tourniquet around the base and causes velvet to fall off
Antler hardens
Late fall/winter the bony base weakness and antlers fall off

139
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Maximum pressure in the arteries during ventricular contraction

140
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Minimum pressure in the arteries during ventricular relaxation

141
Q

Pulse pressure

A

Difference between the diastolic and systolic pressures

When the arteries stretch and recoil to normal size

142
Q

Peripheral or systemic resistance

A

Friction in the arteries that limits the flow of blood

143
Q

Contractility

A

Ability of the heart to fully contract

144
Q

After load

A

The force the ventricles need to overcome to push blood forward

145
Q

Preload

A

The amount of blood in the heart before contracting or the amount of blood the ventricles receive from the atria

146
Q

Cardiac output

A

The volume of blood the heart is able to pump forward in one minutes
Stroke volume x heart rate

147
Q

Starlings principle

A

A larger preload means there is a higher contractility

148
Q

Heart rate

A

Number of beats per minute

149
Q

Cardiac output is affected by

A

Preload
Contractility
After load
Heart rate

150
Q

Shock is defined as

A

Failure of tissue perfusion

151
Q

Automaticity of the heart

A

Innate ability of the cardiac muscle fibers to contract at a certain rhythm without external stimulation

152
Q

The order of the conduction system in the heart

A 
Sinoatrial node in the right atrium 
Atrioventricular node
Bundle of His 
Right and left bundle branches 
Purkinje fibers
153
Q

Hilus of the lung

A

A small area on the medial side of each lung where air, blood, lymph and nerves enter and leave the lung

154
Q

If a piece of a newborns lung floats what does this mean

A

The animal was born alive

155
Q

If a piece of a newborns lung sinks what does this mean

A

It was born dead

156
Q

Functions of the skin

A 
Covers and protects
Prevent desiccation 
Excretes water, salt and wastes 
Receives and converts sensory info 
Vitamin d synthesis 
Acts as a barrier (most important) 
Maintenance of body temperature
157
Q

Osteochondrosis dessecans

A

Abnormally thickened articular cartilage
A piece can be torn off and float freely in the joint
Hereditary
Giant and large breed dogs and horses

158
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Most common
Skin layer and stroma of organs
Cushioning, strength, elastic and flexible, support, capillary network, attachment of skin to underlying tissues

159
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Skin around the heart, kidneys, padding on joints
Energy reserve, insulation, support, protection
Highly vascularized
Appears yellow due to fat soluble carotenoids

160
Q

Brown fat

A

Special fat that generates heat in hibernating animals

161
Q

Reticular fat

A

Binds smooth muscle cells and is the frame work for some organs

162
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

strong attachment between structures
Poor blood supply
Heals slowly
Tendons, ligaments, fascia aponeuroses

163
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Strength, resists tearing but is flexible
Skin (dermis is mostly dense irregular)
Flat sheets with fibers running in all directions

164
Q

Elastic connective tissue

A

Stretching

Lungs, trachea, bronchial tubes

165
Q

Hematopoietic connective tissue

A

Red bone marrow

RBC production

166
Q

Support tissue connective tissue

A

Cartilage and bone

Made for weight bearing

167
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Most abundant in the body
Ends of the ribs, nose, larynx, trachea rings, makes up most of the fetal skeleton and growth plates
Allows movement at joints, flexibility, support

168
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

More elastic than hyalin cartilage
Very flexible and maintains shape
External ear and epiglottis

169
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Support, fusion, cushioning, absorbs shock

Intervertebral discs, menisci, patella, pubic symphysis

170
Q

Plasma

A

Unclotted

Has clotting proteins

171
Q

Serum

A

Clotted

No clotting proteins

172
Q

Goblet cells

A

The only unicellular exocrine cell that does NOT have a duct

173
Q

Why is skeletal muscle striated under a microscope?

A

Because light can go through actin and NOT myosin

174
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Where the motor nerve links to the muscle fiber (synaptic cleft)

175
Q

Calcium triggers the release of what to start a contraction

A

Acetylcholine

176
Q

Acetylcholine binds to receptors in the sarcolemma and initiates what

A

Sodium channels to open

177
Q

Sodium channels create a what

A

Depolarizing wave

Anatomy And Physiology (8 decks)

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