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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is the best explanation for why the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) contain so many mitochondria?

Select one:

a. A great deal of active transport takes place in the PCT.
b. Cells of the PCT go through a great deal of mitosis.
c. Contraction of the PCT moves filtrate through the tubule.
d. This provides the energy needed to fight kidney infection.

A

a. A great deal of active transport takes place in the PCT.

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2
Q

What is the best explanation for the microvilli on the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

Select one:

a. Their movements propel the filtrate through the tubules.
b. They increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed.
c. They hold on to enzymes that cleanse the filtrate before reabsorption.
d. They increase the amount of surface area that comes in contact with the blood’s plasma to help actively excrete toxins.

A

b. They increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed.

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3
Q

The thin segment of the nephron loop’s descending limb ________.

Select one:

a. helps to pack a greater number of nephron loops into a smaller space
b. is easily broken and replaced often
c. aids in the passive excretion of nitrogenous waste
d. aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule

A

d. aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule

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4
Q

The relatively long half-life of lipid-soluble hormones (steroid hormones) compared to water-soluble hormones is due in part to the way that these hormones are passed into the filtrate from the glomerular capillaries. From the list below select the best explanation for why lipid-soluble (steroid) hormones have a relatively long half-life.

Select one:

a. Steroid hormones travel in the plasma on large transport proteins that cannot pass through the filtration membrane.
b. The large size of the steroid hormones prevents them from passing through the filtration membrane.
c. Steroid hormones are absorbed by target cells before they can reach the kidneys.
d. The relatively small size of steroid hormones allows them to easily pass back into the peritubular capillaries if released into the filtrate.

A

a. Steroid hormones travel in the plasma on large transport proteins that cannot pass through the filtration membrane.

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5
Q

The kidneys filter the entire plasma every __________ minutes.

Select one:

a. 4
b. 12
c. 22
d. 37

A

c. 22

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6
Q

Cells and transport proteins are physically prevented from passing through the filtration membrane. This has the following effect on filtration.

Select one:

a. increased osmotic pressure in the filtrate that draws plasma through the membrane
b. decreased osmotic pressure in the filtrate that increases the amount of filtration
c. increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries that reduces the amount of filtration
d. neutral change in osmotic pressure with no effect on filtration

A

c. increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries that reduces the amount of filtration

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7
Q

If the glomerular mesangial cells contract, reducing the overall surface area of the glomerulus, which of the following is not likely to occur?

Select one:

a. Glomerular filtration rate will decrease.
b. Systemic blood pressure will be lowered.
c. Urine output will decrease.
d. Net filtration rate will decrease.

A

b. Systemic blood pressure will be lowered.

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8
Q

If blood pressure drops very low (MAP is below 80mmHg) renin enzyme will be secreted by granular cells. Which of the following is not likely to occur?

Select one:

a. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) will decrease.
b. Net filtration pressure (NFP) will decrease.
c. Blood plasma and extracellular fluids volume will increase.
d. Kidney perfusion will increase.

A

d. Kidney perfusion will increase.

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9
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the kidney?

Select one:

a. Extrinsic and intrinsic controls work in nearly opposite ways.
b. Extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic controls have a greater effect on GFR.
c. Extrinsic controls will reduce blood plasma volume while intrinsic controls will increase blood plasma volumes.
d. Intrinsic controls raise blood pressure while extrinsic controls lower blood pressure.

A

b. Extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic controls have a greater effect on GFR.

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10
Q

Reabsorption of nutrients like glucose and amino acids takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) via cotransporters that utilize secondary active transport. Which of the following would stop the reabsorption of glucose at the apical surface of the cells in the PCT?

Select one:

a. increasing Na+ concentration in the filtrate
b. increasing Na+ in the interstitial fluid
c. loss of Na+-K+ ATPase in the basolateral surface of PCT cells
d. loss of K+ leak channels at the apical surface

A

c. loss of Na+-K+ ATPase in the basolateral surface of PCT cells

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11
Q

Bulk flow of nutrients, ions and water into the peritubular capillaries is the result of all of the following except one. Select the answer below that does not describe a cause of bulk flow of fluids into the peritubular capillaries.

Select one:

a. increased resistance to blood flow at the efferent arteriole
b. lower hydrostatic pressure in the peritubular capillary
c. higher osmotic pressure in the peritubular capillary
d. leaky tight junctions of peritubular capillary’s endothelium

A

d. leaky tight junctions of peritubular capillary’s endothelium

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12
Q

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________.

Select one:

a. nephron loop
b. glomerular filtration membrane
c. collecting duct
d. distal convoluted tubule

A

a. nephron loop

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13
Q

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________.

Select one:

a. decrease in the production of ADH
b. increase in the production of ADH
c. increase in the production of aldosterone
d. decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma

A

b. increase in the production of ADH

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14
Q

The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.

Select one:

a. transitional
b. simple squamous
c. stratified squamous
d. pseudostratified columnar

A

a. transitional

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15
Q

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.

Select one:

a. when the peritubular capillaries are dilated
b. when the pH of the urine decreases
c. by a decrease in the blood pressure
d. when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10

A

c. by a decrease in the blood pressure

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16
Q

The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.

Select one:

a. lobar
b. arcuate
c. interlobar
d. cortical radiate

A

b. arcuate

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17
Q

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.

Select one:

a. has a basement membrane
b. is impermeable to most substances
c. is drained by an efferent arteriole
d. has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems

A

c. is drained by an efferent arteriole

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18
Q

The descending limb of the nephron loop ________.

Select one:

a. is not permeable to water
b. is freely permeable to sodium and urea
c. pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule
d. contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla

A

d. contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla

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19
Q

Select the correct statement about the ureters.

Select one:

a. Ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine.
b. The epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch.
c. The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.
d. The ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only.

A

c. The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.

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20
Q

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________.

Select one:

a. ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently
b. stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position
c. is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys
d. produces vitamin D and other chemicals needed by the kidney

A

b. stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position

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21
Q

The renal corpuscle is made up of ________.

Select one:

a. Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus
b. the descending nephron loop
c. the renal pyramid
d. the renal papilla

A

a. Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus

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22
Q

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.

Select one:

a. nephron
b. nephron loop
c. glomerular capsule
d. capsular space

A

a. nephron

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23
Q

The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.

Select one:

a. the ionic electrochemical gradient
b. protein-regulated diffusion
c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)
d. the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries

A

c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)

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24
Q

Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?

Select one:

a. the stretching of the bladder wall
b. motor neurons
c. the pressure of the fluid in the bladder
d. the sympathetic efferents

A

a. the stretching of the bladder wall

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25
Q

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.

Select one:

a. active transport
b. osmosis
c. filtration
d. cotransport with sodium ions

A

b. osmosis

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26
Q

The glomerular capsular space contains ________.

Select one:

a. urine
b. blood
c. filtrate
d. plasma

A

c. filtrate

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27
Q

The macula densa cells respond to ________.

Select one:

a. aldosterone
b. antidiuretic hormone
c. changes in pressure in the tubule
d. changes in Na+ content of the filtrate

A

d. changes in Na+ content of the filtrate

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28
Q

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________.

Select one:

a. is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells
b. increases the rate of glomerular filtration
c. increases secretion of ADH
d. inhibits the release of ADH

A

d. inhibits the release of ADH

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29
Q

The function of angiotensin II is to ________.

Select one:

a. constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
b. decrease the production of aldosterone
c. decrease arterial blood pressure
d. decrease water absorption

A

a. constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

30
Q

An important physical characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________.

Select one:

a. the same as water
b. slightly higher than water
c. much higher than water
d. less than water

A

b. slightly higher than water

31
Q

What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone on the cells of the collecting duct?

Select one:

a. causes aquaporins to be inserted into the apical membranes
b. triggers synthesis of more sodium channels in the apical membranes
c. triggers synthesis of more potassium channels in the apical membranes
d. inhibits sodium reabsorption through the apical membranes

A

a. causes aquaporins to be inserted into the apical membranes

32
Q

Which of the following hormones acting on the collecting duct is most responsible for retaining sodium ions in the blood?

Select one:

a. antidiuretic hormone
b. parathyroid hormone
c. atrial natriuretic peptide
d. aldosterone

A

d. aldosterone

33
Q

Glomerular filtration rate can be controlled by manipulating one major variable, which is ________.
Select one:
a. systemic blood pressure
b. the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure
d. activation of sympathetic nerve fibers

A

c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure

34
Q

Excretion of dilute urine requires ________.

Select one:

a. relative permeability of the distal tubule to water
b. impermeability of the collecting tubule to water
c. transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the descending nephron loop
d. the presence of ADH

A

b. impermeability of the collecting tubule to water

35
Q

Except for potassium ions, tubular secretion of most unwanted substances occurs in the ________.

Select one:

a. proximal convoluted tubule
b. nephron loop
c. distal convoluted tubule
d. collecting duct

A

a. proximal convoluted tubule

36
Q

The body’s water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions?

Select one:

a. calcium ions
b. potassium ions
c. hydrogen ions
d. sodium ions

A

d. sodium ions

37
Q

The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________.

Select one:

a. the feeling one might have after profuse sweating with exertion
b. the unpleasant feeling people have after drinking too much liquor
c. a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking excessive amounts of water
d. a condition that is caused by high levels of sodium in the extracellular fluid compartment

A

c. a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking excessive amounts of water

38
Q

When antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are low, ________.

Select one:

a. most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed
b. aquaporins are inserted into the collecting duct principal cell apical membranes
c. nearly all of the filtered water is reabsorbed
d. a small volume of concentrated urine is excreted

A

a. most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed

39
Q

Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid?

Select one:

a. antidiuretic hormone
b. erythropoietin
c. aldosterone
d. renin

A

c. aldosterone

40
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________.

Select one:

a. enhance atrial contractions
b. activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism
c. prevent pH changes caused by organic acids
d. reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention

A

d. reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention

41
Q

Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________.

Select one:

a. a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids
b. a person’s breathing is shallow due to obstruction
c. a runner has completed a very long marathon
d. the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions

A

b. a person’s breathing is shallow due to obstruction

42
Q

Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body?

Select one:

a. ADH
b. aldosterone
c. water levels
d. glucocorticoids

A

b. aldosterone

43
Q

The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________.

Select one:

a. plasma
b. intracellular fluid
c. interstitial fluid
d. cerebrospinal fluid

A

a. plasma

44
Q

In a car accident, Jane suffered a chest injury that resulted in impaired breathing and respiratory acidosis. How will her body compensate for this imbalance?

Select one:

a. Kidneys retain hydrogen ions.
b. Kidneys retain bicarbonate ions.
c. Kidneys eliminate bicarbonate ions.
d. Kidneys eliminate carbon dioxide.

A

b. Kidneys retain bicarbonate ions.

45
Q

Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid.

Select one:

a. iron
b. chloride
c. potassium
d. bicarbonate

A

c. potassium

46
Q

Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids?

Select one:

a. K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids
b. Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids
c. equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids
d. little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids

A

a. K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids

47
Q

The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________.

Select one:

a. the potassium ion content in the renal tubule cells
b. the pH of the intracellular fluid
c. intracellular sodium levels
d. potassium ion concentration in extracellular fluid

A

d. potassium ion concentration in extracellular fluid

48
Q

Amphoteric molecules _______.

Select one:

a. can function as acids at low pH
b. can function as bases at high pH
c. can function as an acid or a base depending on the pH
d. trigger pH imbalances and must be neutralized by buffers

A

c. can function as an acid or a base depending on the pH

49
Q

A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________.

Select one:

a. respiratory acidosis
b. respiratory alkalosis
c. metabolic acidosis
d. metabolic alkalosis

A

a. respiratory acidosis

50
Q

The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________.

Select one:

a. requires active transport
b. is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces
c. requires ATP for the transport to take place
d. always involves filtration

A

b. is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces

51
Q

What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention?

Select one:

a. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
b. aldosterone
c. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
d. thyroxine

A

c. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

52
Q

When a strong acid such as HCl is added to the carbonic acid buffer system, _________.

Select one:

a. carbonic acid is converted into bicarbonate
b. more carbonic acid is formed
c. hydrochloric acid is neutralized by sodium hydroxide
d. the blood plasma pH is reduced

A

b. more carbonic acid is formed

53
Q

Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?

Select one:

a. Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts.
b. Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid shifts in the body.
c. Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.
d. There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts.

A

c. Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.

54
Q

Which of the following would describe nonelectrolytes?

Select one:

a. inorganic salts
b. organic bases
c. inorganic acids
d. polar covalent compounds

A

d. polar covalent compounds

55
Q

The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ________.

Select one:

a. the control of respiratory ventilation
b. the operation of the various buffer systems in the stomach
c. the active secretion of OH- into the filtrate by the kidney tubule cells
d. control of the acids produced in the stomach

A

a. the control of respiratory ventilation

56
Q

The regulation of sodium ________.
Select one:
a. is due to specific sodium receptors in the hypothalamus
b. is linked to blood pressure
c. involves aldosterone, a hormone that increases sodium excretion in the kidneys
d. involves hypothalamic osmoreceptor detection of ion concentration

A

b. is linked to blood pressure

57
Q

Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely?

Select one:

a. respiratory acidosis
b. metabolic acidosis
c. metabolic alkalosis
d. respiratory alkalosis

A

b. metabolic acidosis

58
Q

A patient is breathing slowly, and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis?

Select one:

a. respiratory acidosis
b. metabolic acidosis
c. metabolic alkalosis
d. respiratory alkalosis

A

c. metabolic alkalosis

59
Q

Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted French fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology?

Select one:

a. It will cause a prolonged increase in the osmolality of the blood.
b. There will be a temporary increase in blood volume.
c. She will experience hypotension.
d. There will be a shift in the pH of her body fluids to the higher side of the pH scale.

A

b. There will be a temporary increase in blood volume.

60
Q

The most important force causing net outward water flow across capillary walls is ________.

Select one:

a. osmotic pressure of plasma proteins
b. hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood
c. hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid
d. intracellular hydrostatic pressure

A

b. hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood

61
Q

The regulation of potassium balance ________.

Select one:

a. is not linked to sodium balance
b. includes renal secretion, but never absorption
c. is accomplished mainly by hepatic mechanisms
d. involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium

A

d. involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium

62
Q

After completing a marathon on a particularly warm day, Dave consumes four liters of water. Soon after, he begins to feel nauseous and starts vomiting. What is likely happening to Dave?

Select one:

a. hyponatremia; very low extracellular sodium ion concentration
b. dehydration
c. hypoproteinemia; unusually low levels of plasma proteins
d. obligatory water loss

A

a. hyponatremia; very low extracellular sodium ion concentration

63
Q

Mary finds that she regularly retains water at a certain point in the menstrual cycle. Which of the following is chemically similar to aldosterone, and like aldosterone, enhances NaCl reabsorption in the renal tubules?

Select one:

a. progesterone
b. estrogen
c. luteinizing hormone
d. follicle-stimulating hormone

A

b. estrogen

64
Q

Nancy is experiencing an acute panic attack. While hyperventilating, she remembers to open a paper bag and breathe into it. What is Nancy trying to prevent?

Select one:

a. respiratory acidosis
b. metabolic alkalosis
c. respiratory alkalosis
d. metabolic acidosis

A

c. respiratory alkalosis

65
Q

If the thyroid and parathyroid glands are surgically removed, which of the following would go out of balance without replacement therapy?

Select one:

a. sodium ion levels
b. potassium ion levels
c. anion levels
d. calcium ion levels

A

d. calcium ion levels

66
Q

Insufficient parathyroid hormone production in the body could result in ________.

Select one:

a. muscle twitching
b. cardiac arrhythmia
c. muscle weakness
d. kidney stones

A

a. muscle twitching

67
Q

In the case of edema, excess fluid is held in which fluid compartment(s)?

Select one:

a. interstitial fluid
b. blood plasma
c. intracellular fluid
d. intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid

A

a. interstitial fluid

68
Q

Falling arterial blood pressure promotes ________.

Select one:

a. vasodilation
b. enhanced sodium ion loss in urine
c. enhanced water loss in urine
d. vasoconstriction

A

d. vasoconstriction

69
Q

An illness causes Doug to experience severe diarrhea and an accompanying loss of bicarbonate-rich secretions. How can this metabolic acidosis be compensated?

Select one:

a. hypoventilation
b. enhanced sodium ion loss in urine
c. increased respiratory rate and depth
d. increased renin secretion

A

c. increased respiratory rate and depth

70
Q

When the blood becomes acidic (acidosis) and bicarbonate ions have been depleted, new bicarbonate ions must be generated in the plasma. Which of the following is NOT a means for replenishing bicarbonate ions?

Select one:

a. Buffered hydrogen ions are excreted in urine.
b. Ammonium ions are excreted in urine.
c. Glutamine is metabolized by deamination, oxidation, and acidification.
d. Bicarbonate ions are reclaimed by tubular reabsorption.

A

d. Bicarbonate ions are reclaimed by tubular reabsorption.

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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