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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of food molecule provides components for cellular structures like plasma membranes, myelin sheaths, and steroid hormones?

Select one:

a. lipids
b. glucose
c. complex carbohydrates
d. protein

A

a. lipids

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2
Q

Which of the following is the major role of leptin in the body?

Select one:

a. promote weight loss with activity
b. protect against weight loss during nutritional deprivation
c. shrink fat stores
d. increase appetite and food intake

A

d. increase appetite and food intake

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3
Q

Cholesterol, though it is not an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it ________.

Select one:

a. is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones.
b. helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs
c. helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation
d. enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered

A

a. is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones.

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4
Q

Which of the following statements best describes complete protein?

Select one:

a. derived from meat and fish only
b. meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet
c. derived only from legumes and other plant material
d. must contain all the body’s amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth

A

d. must contain all the body’s amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth

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5
Q

The term metabolism is best defined as ________.

Select one:

a. the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats
b. a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories
c. the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day
d. the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body

A

d. the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body

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6
Q

When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly ________.

Select one:

a. urea.
b. ammonia
c. acetyl CoA
d. ketone bodies

A

a. urea.

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7
Q

It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________.

Select one:

a. vitamins provide protection against the common cold
b. very few foods contain vitamins
c. most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients
d. all vitamins are water soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization

A

c. most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients

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8
Q

Minerals required by the body in moderate amounts include all of the following except ________.

Select one:

a. calcium and phosphorus
b. sulfur and potassium
c. sodium and chlorine
d. iron and selenium

A

d. iron and selenium

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9
Q

Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)?

Select one:

a. glycolysis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation
b. gluconeogenesis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, lipolysis
c. lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation
d. glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain

A

a. glycolysis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation

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10
Q

Catabolism of food molecules involves ________.

Select one:

a. dehydration reactions
b. hydrolysis reactions
c. glycogenesis
d. synthesis reactions

A

b. hydrolysis reactions

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11
Q

Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________.

Select one:

a. causes a decline in circulating ketone bodies
b. builds up triglycerides during the postabsorptive state
c. breaks down complex structures to simpler ones
d. elevates glucagon levels

A

c. breaks down complex structures to simpler ones

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12
Q

The goal of cellular respiration is to _______.

Select one:

a. generate body heat
b. provide the body with essential vitamins and minerals
c. convert polymers into monomers
d. convert ADP molecules into ATP molecules

A

d. convert ADP molecules into ATP molecules

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13
Q

The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________.

Select one:

a. gluconeogenesis
b. glycogenesis
c. lipogenesis
d. lipolysis

A

d. lipolysis

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14
Q

Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration?

Select one:

a. oxidative phosphorylation
b. substrate-level phosphorylation
c. lactic acid production
d. oxidation reactions

A

a. oxidative phosphorylation

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15
Q

Lipogenesis occurs when ________.

Select one:

a. there is a shortage of fatty acids
b. glucose levels drop slightly
c. excess proteins are transported through the cell membrane
d. cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

A

d. cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

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16
Q

Oxidative deamination takes place in the ________.

Select one:

a. liver
b. muscles
c. brain
d. blood

A

a. liver

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17
Q

Transamination is the process whereby the amine group of an amino acid is ________.

Select one:

a. transferred to acetyl CoA
b. converted to urea
c. transferred to a keto acid
d. converted to ammonia

A

c. transferred to a keto acid

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18
Q

Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ________.

Select one:

a. postabsorptive state
b. absorptive state
c. starvation period
d. period when the metabolic rate is lowest

A

b. absorptive state

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19
Q

Which of the following is a normal consequence of the activation of the heat-promoting center?

Select one:

a. release of epinephrine
b. sympathetic sweat gland activation
c. increase in ADH production
d. vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels

A

a. release of epinephrine

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20
Q

Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________.

Select one:

a. glycogen is broken down to release glucose
b. glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate molecules
c. glycogen is formed
d. glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water

A

a. glycogen is broken down to release glucose

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21
Q

Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________.

Select one:

a. conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water
b. conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
c. conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water
d. formation of sugar

A

b. conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

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22
Q

What is the outcome of ketosis?

Select one:

a. water retention and edema
b. metabolic acidosis
c. metabolic alkalosis
d. glycogen buildup
e. glucogenesis

A

b. metabolic acidosis

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23
Q

Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state?

Select one:

a. Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones.
b. Catabolic processes exceed anabolic ones.
c. No metabolism occurs.
d. Only glucose metabolism occurs.

A

a. Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones.

24
Q 
The most abundant dietary lipids are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Select one:
a. cholesterol
b. phospholipids
c. fatty acids
d. triglycerides
A

d. triglycerides

25
Q

The ingestion of which nutrient type results in the greatest food-induced thermogenesis?

Select one:

a. lipids
b. carbohydrates
c. proteins
d. vitamins

A

c. proteins

26
Q

Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state?

Select one:

a. growth hormone
b. thyroid hormone
c. epinephrine
d. insulin

A

d. insulin

27
Q

Why is external respiration (breathing) necessary for cellular respiration?

Select one:

a. Inhaled oxygen is necessary for the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis.
b. Inhaled oxygen is needed to bind to carbon atoms to form carbon dioxide during the citric acid cycle.
c. Inhaled oxygen provides the energy that drives cellular respiration.
d. Inhaled oxygen is necessary for receiving electrons and hydrogen ions from the electron transport chain.

A

d. Inhaled oxygen is necessary for receiving electrons and hydrogen ions from the electron transport chain.

28
Q

Which of the following is not an important function of the liver?

Select one:

a. carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
b. synthesis of bile salts
c. synthesis of vitamin K
d. protein metabolism

A

c. synthesis of vitamin K

29
Q

As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, the ________ continues to burn glucose while virtually every other organ in the body switches to fatty acids as its major energy source.

Select one:

a. liver
b. brain
c. pancreas
d. spleen

A

b. brain

30
Q

In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose.

Select one:

a. glycerol
b. glycogen
c. acetyl Co A
d. glucagon

A

a. glycerol

31
Q

In the liver, the amine group of glutamic acid is removed as ________ in the oxidative state.

Select one:

a. glyceraldehyde
b. pyruvic acid
c. ammonia
d. oxaloacetic acid

A

c. ammonia

32
Q

The amount of ________ produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining basal metabolic rate (BMR).

Select one:

a. norepinephrine
b. thyroxine
c. prolactin
d. ADH

A

b. thyroxine

33
Q

When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________.

Select one:

a. amino acids
b. fatty acids
c. glycogen
d. lactic acid

A

b. fatty acids

34
Q

The “thermostat” or temperature regulator of the body is the ________.

Select one:

a. thyroid
b. thalamus
c. hypothalamus
d. pituitary

A

c. hypothalamus

35
Q

When sitting on a cold park bench, body heat is transferred to the bench by ________.

Select one:

a. conduction
b. convection
c. radiation
d. excretion

A

a. conduction

36
Q

During exercise, increased metabolic activity increases body heat, which then triggers sweating. Which of the following best describes the function of sweating?

Select one:

a. infrared radiation
b. direct conduction
c. forced convection
d. sensible evaporation

A

d. sensible evaporation

37
Q

Which of the following statements is false?

Select one:

a. The amino acid pool is the body’s total supply of amino acids in the body’s proteins.
b. Fats and carbohydrates are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy.
c. Amino acids can be used to supply energy only after being converted to a citric acid cycle intermediate.
d. Excess carbohydrate and fat can be stored as such, whereas excess amino acids are oxidized for energy or converted to fat or glycogen for storage.

A

a. The amino acid pool is the body’s total supply of amino acids in the body’s proteins.

38
Q

Which of the following provides a good source of complex carbohydrates?

Select one:

a. fruit
b. grain
c. chicken breast
d. vegetable oil

A

b. grain

39
Q

Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized?

Select one:

a. fats
b. vitamins and minerals
c. foods and beverages high in caffeine
d. proteins

A

a. fats

40
Q

Which of the following does not occur in the mitochondria?

Select one:

a. electron transport
b. glycolysis
c. citric acid (Krebs) cycle
d. formation of malic acid from fumaric acid

A

b. glycolysis

41
Q

Which of the following is not true of beta oxidation?

Select one:

a. It occurs in the mitochondria.
b. The carbon in the beta (third) position is oxidized during the process.
c. It involves the anabolism of fats.
d. Fatty acids are broken into acetic acid fragments.

A

c. It involves the anabolism of fats.

42
Q

Select the correct statement about proteins.

Select one:

a. Strict vegetarians need not worry about adequate protein intake, as most vegetables are almost perfect sources of amino acids.
b. All proteins can be synthesized in the body if most of the amino acids are present.
c. Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested.
d. Catabolic steroids (hormones) accelerate the rate of protein synthesis.

A

b. All proteins can be synthesized in the body if most of the amino acids are present.

43
Q

In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the “reduced” reactant ________.

Select one:

a. gains electrons
b. loses energy
c. loses hydrogen ions
d. gains negatively charged ions

A

a. gains electrons

44
Q

What process primes a molecule to change in a way that increases its activity, produces motion, or does work?

Select one:

a. phosphorylation
b. beta oxidation
c. cellular respiration
d. glycolysis

A

a. phosphorylation

45
Q

Which of the following is correct?

Select one:

a. Most of the ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
b. Each FADH2 yields about 1.5 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.
c. Glycolysis relies on substrate-level oxidation for the four ATP produced in this pathway.
d. Most ATP from cellular respiration are produced directly in the citric acid (Krebs) cycle.

A

b. Each FADH2 yields about 1.5 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.

46
Q

Conditions that promote the oxidative deamination and energy use of amino acids include ________.

Select one:

a. adequate essential amino acids
b. adequate fat calories to provide adequate ATP formation
c. excessive amounts of protein in the diet
d. ammonia combining with oxygen to form urea

A

c. excessive amounts of protein in the diet

47
Q

When blood is cooler than the hypothalamic set point, the person may ________.

Select one:

a. pant
b. exhibit vasodilation of skin vessels
c. perspire heavily
d. shiver

A

d. shiver

48
Q

Glucose can be obtained from ________.

Select one:

a. glycogenolysis
b. triglyceride anabolism
c. protein anabolism
d. lipogenesis

A

a. glycogenolysis

49
Q

Red blood cells lack mitochondria. As a result, ATP production is solely through ________.

Select one:

a. glycolysis
b. citric acid (Krebs) cycle
c. electron transport chain
d. aerobic respiration

A

a. glycolysis

50
Q

In India, rice is a large part of the diet. Lack of which vitamin in rice would lead to higher levels of blindness in this population?

Select one:

a. vitamin A
b. vitamin E
c. vitamin C
d. vitamin D

A

a. vitamin A

51
Q

Which term describes the action of an endurance runner the night before the race as she “carbo-loads” when eating a large pasta dinner?

Select one:

a. glycolysis
b. glycogenolysis
c. glycogenesis
d. gluconeogenesis

A

c. glycogenesis

52
Q

Several hours after your last meal, declining blood glucose levels stimulate release of the hormone ________, which stimulates glycogenolysis, lipolysis and fat mobilization, and gluconeogenesis.

Select one:

a. insulin
b. thyroxine
c. cortisol
d. glucagon

A

d. glucagon

53
Q

At the conclusion of glycolysis, most of glucose’s chemical energy is found in the ________.

Select one:

a. NADH
b. ATP
c. pyruvic acid molecules
d. acetyl CoA

A

c. pyruvic acid molecules

54
Q

While traveling abroad in Africa you observe a large number of people with goiter (enlarged thyroid). Which mineral deficiency could be responsible for this?

Select one:

a. chromium
b. iron
c. iodine
d. fluorine

A

c. iodine

55
Q

A recent health screening revealed a low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) level over 130. Which of the following should be prescribed?

Select one:

a. statins
b. iron
c. insulin
d. glucagon

A

a. statins

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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