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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

The loudness of a person’s voice depends on the ________.

Select one:

a. thickness of vestibular folds
b. length of the vocal folds
c. strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles
d. force with which air rushes across the vocal folds

A

d. force with which air rushes across the vocal folds

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2
Q

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II alveolar cells. The function of type II alveolar cells is to ________.

Select one:

a. secrete surfactant
b. trap dust and other debris
c. replace mucus in the alveoli
d. protect the lungs from bacterial invasion

A

a. secrete surfactant

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3
Q

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.

Select one:

a. less than the pressure in the atmosphere
b. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
c. equal to the pressure in the atmosphere
d. greater than the intra-alveolar pressure

A

b. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

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4
Q

Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air?

Select one:

a. It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration.
b. It depends on the complete lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall.
c. It is driven by increased blood CO2 levels.
d. It requires contraction of abdominal wall muscles.

A

a. It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration.

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5
Q

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?

Select one:

a. surface tension of water
b. surfactant production
c. C-shaped cartilage rings
d. pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

A

c. C-shaped cartilage rings

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6
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.

Select one:

a. pressure within the pleural cavity
b. pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
c. negative pressure in the intrapleural space
d. difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure

A

b. pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

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7
Q

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________.

Select one:

a. Boyle’s law
b. Henry’s law
c. Charles’ law
d. Dalton’s law

A

a. Boyle’s law

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8
Q

The statement, “in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture” paraphrases ________.

Select one:

a. Henry’s law
b. Boyle’s law
c. Dalton’s law
d. Charles’ law

A

c. Dalton’s law

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9
Q

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.

Select one:

a. humidifying the air before it enters
b. warming the air before it enters
c. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
d. protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations

A

c. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

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10
Q

As the tension of vocal folds in the larynx increase, the voice becomes ________.

Select one:

a. higher in pitch
b. lower in pitch
c. louder
d. more distinct

A

a. higher in pitch

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11
Q

The Bohr effect describes the tendency for hemoglobin to more readily unload oxygen under which conditions?

Select one:

a. increased pH and PCO2
b. decreased pH and increased PCO2
c. increased pH and decreased PCO2
d. decreased pH and PCO2

A

b. decreased pH and increased PCO2

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12
Q

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.

Select one:

a. loss of oxygen in tissues
b. increase of carbon dioxide
c. acidosis
d. alkalosis

A

b. increase of carbon dioxide

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13
Q

The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________.

Select one:

a. the Bohr effect
b. the Haldane effect
c. chloride shifting
d. ventilation-perfusion coupling

A

d. ventilation-perfusion coupling

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14
Q

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.

Select one:

a. only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood
b. about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
c. greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
d. not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules

A

a. only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood

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15
Q

Which of the following is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in North America?

Select one:

a. colorectal
b. lung
c. esophageal
d. skin

A

b. lung

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16
Q

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?

Select one:

a. the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
b. compliance and transpulmonary pressures
c. the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures
d. compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

A

a. the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

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17
Q

Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC?

Select one:

a. the Bohr effect
b. the Haldane effect
c. chloride shifting
d. release of hydrogen ion

A

c. chloride shifting

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18
Q

Hemoglobin has a much greater affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen. Which principle explains why a hyperbaric chamber (containing high levels of oxygen) can treat carbon monoxide poisoning?

Select one:

a. Dalton’s law
b. Henry’s law
c. Boyle’s law
d. Charles’ law

A

b. Henry’s law

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19
Q

Which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs?

Select one:

a. pulmonary ventilation
b. gas exchange
c. internal respiration
d. external respiration

A

a. pulmonary ventilation

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20
Q

The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________.

Select one:

a. surfactant
b. surface tension
c. friction
d. air pressure

A

c. friction

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21
Q

Which of the following determines lung compliance?

Select one:

a. airway opening
b. flexibility of the thoracic cage
c. muscles of inspiration
d. alveolar surface tension

A

d. alveolar surface tension

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22
Q

Tidal volume is air ________.

Select one:

a. remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
b. exchanged during normal breathing
c. inhaled after normal inspiration
d. forcibly expelled after normal expiration

A

b. exchanged during normal breathing

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23
Q

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

Select one:

a. solubility in water
b. partial pressure gradient
c. the temperature
d. molecular weight and size of the gas molecule

A

b. partial pressure gradient

24
Q

Possible causes of hypoxia include ________.

Select one:

a. too little oxygen in the atmosphere
b. obstruction of the esophagus
c. taking several rapid deep breaths
d. getting very cold

A

a. too little oxygen in the atmosphere

25
Q

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.

Select one:

a. tidal volume
b. vital capacity
c. inspiratory capacity
d. expiratory reserve volume

A

b. vital capacity

26
Q

Which of the following is correct regarding acclimatization?

Select one:

a. At high altitudes, hemoglobin’s affinity for O2 is increased because BPG concentrations increase.
b. When blood O2 levels decline, the kidneys produce more erythropoietin, which stimulates breakdown of red blood cells in the spleen.
c. High-altitude conditions always result in lower-than-normal hemoglobin saturation levels because less O2 is available to be loaded.
d. Decreases in arterial PO2 cause the peripheral chemoreceptors to become less responsive to increases in PCO2.

A

c. High-altitude conditions always result in lower-than-normal hemoglobin saturation levels because less O2 is available to be loaded.

27
Q

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.

Select one:

a. midbrain and medulla
b. medulla and pons
c. pons and midbrain
d. upper spinal cord and medulla

A

b. medulla and pons

28
Q

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.

Select one:

a. reserve air
b. expiratory capacity
c. inspiratory reserve volume
d. vital capacity

A

c. inspiratory reserve volume

29
Q

Inspiration occurs when the ________ is less than the ________.

Select one:

a. intrapleural pressure; transpulmonary pressure
b. intrapulmonary pressure; atmospheric pressure
c. thoracic cavity volume; lung volume
d. tidal volume; vital capacity

A

b. intrapulmonary pressure; atmospheric pressure

30
Q

The left lung differs from the right in that the left lung has ________.

Select one:

a. a cardiac notch
b. an oblique fissure
c. three lobes
d. a wider and more vertical primary bronchus

A

a. a cardiac notch

31
Q

The larynx contains ________.

Select one:

a. the thyroid cartilage
b. a cricoid cartilage also called the Adam’s apple
c. an upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called true vocal folds
d. lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal folds

A

a. the thyroid cartilage

32
Q

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract or relax during forced expiration, for example blowing up a balloon?

Select one:

a. diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax
b. internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
c. external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax
d. diaphragm would contract, internal intercostals would relax

A

b. internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

33
Q

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood?

Select one:

a. chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells
b. as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells
c. as carbonic acid in the plasma
d. chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin

A

b. as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells

34
Q

Which of the following incorrectly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?

Select one:

a. 7-10% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma
b. just over 20% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin
c. as bicarbonate ions in plasma
d. attached to the heme part of hemoglobin

A

d. attached to the heme part of hemoglobin

35
Q

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.

Select one:

a. thalamic control
b. voluntary cortical control
c. stretch receptors in the alveoli
d. temperature of alveolar air

A

b. voluntary cortical control

36
Q

Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?

Select one:

a. alveolar sacs
b. alveoli
c. respiratory bronchioles
d. alveolar ducts

A

b. alveoli

37
Q

The symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it ________.

Select one:

a. helps retain oxygen in the blood
b. helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood
c. reduces brain perfusion by constricting cerebral blood vessels
d. lowers blood pH levels

A

b. helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood

38
Q

Inspiratory capacity is ________.

Select one:

a. the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
b. the total amount of exchangeable air
c. functional residual capacit
d. air inspired after a tidal inhalation

A

a. the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration

39
Q

Which center is located in the pons?

Select one:

a. pontine respirator group (PRG)
b. expiratory center
c. inspiratory center
d. pacemaker neuron center

A

a. pontine respirator group (PRG)

40
Q

According to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, PO2 in the lungs of 100 mm Hg results in Hb being 98% saturated. At high altitude, there is less O2. At a PO2 in the lungs of 80 mm Hg, Hb would be ________ saturated.

Select one:

a. 98%
b. 100%
c. 95%
d. less than 50%

A

c. 95%

41
Q

Which of the following is an appropriate response to carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning?

Select one:

a. slow breathing into a paper bag
b. immediate application of bicarbonate ions to facilitate removal of CO from Hb
c. hyperventilation to exhale CO from the body
d. hyperbaric oxygen chamber to increase PO2 and clear CO from the body

A

d. hyperbaric oxygen chamber to increase PO2 and clear CO from the body

42
Q

Which pressure actually keeps the lungs from collapsing?

Select one:

a. intrapulmonary pressure
b. intrapleural pressure
c. transpulmonary pressure
d. atmospheric pressure

A

c. transpulmonary pressure

43
Q

Which of the following is responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall?

Select one:

a. the smooth muscles of the lung
b. the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles alone
c. the visceral pleurae and the changing volume of the lungs
d. surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity

A

d. surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity

44
Q

The erythrocyte (red blood cell) count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________.

Select one:

a. temperature is lower at higher altitudes
b. basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes
c. concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes
d. concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes

A

d. concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes

45
Q

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.

Select one:

a. ciliated mucous lining in the nose
b. abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa
c. porous structure of turbinate bones
d. action of the epiglottis

A

a. ciliated mucous lining in the nose

46
Q

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.
Select one:
a. A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation.
b. A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation.
c. As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.
d. Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension.

A

c. As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.

47
Q

Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood.

Select one:

a. During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs carries one molecule of O2.
b. During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently.
c. Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity.
d. A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.

A

d. A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.

48
Q

Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?

Select one:

a. pneumonia
b. tuberculosis
c. emphysema
d. coryza

A

c. emphysema

49
Q

For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first?

Select one:

a. air (gases) flows into lungs
b. intrapulmonary pressure drops
c. thoracic cavity volume decreases
d. diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises

A

d. diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises

50
Q

Spirometry results reveal a vital capacity of two liters which is well below the predicted value of five liters. This suggests which disorder?

Select one:

a. obstructive pulmonary disease
b. asthma
c. restrictive disease
d. emphysema

A

c. restrictive disease

51
Q

Which law describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas?

Select one:

a. Dalton’s law
b. Henry’s law
c. Boyle’s law
d. Charles’ law

A

c. Boyle’s law

52
Q

The Bohr effect refers to the unloading of ________ in a RBC due to declining blood pH.

Select one:

a. carbon dioxide
b. oxygen
c. BPG
d. chloride ions

A

b. oxygen

53
Q

Which structure is lined with simple squamous epithelium?

Select one:

a. trachea
b. nasopharynx
c. alveolus
d. oropharynx

A

c. alveolus

54
Q

Using spirometry, a patient discovers their forced expiratory volume (FEV) after the first second is 40%. What does this suggest?

Select one:

a. healthy lungs
b. obstructive pulmonary disease
c. restrictive disease
d. exposure to asbestos

A

c. restrictive disease

55
Q

Which of the following anchor(s) the vocal folds?

Select one:

a. arytenoid cartilages
b. cuneiform cartilages
c. corniculate cartilages
d. cricoid cartilage

A

a. arytenoid cartilages

56
Q

Which of the following is a conducting zone structure?

Select one:

a. alveolar duct
b. terminal bronchiole
c. alveolar sac
d. respiratory bronchiole

A

b. terminal bronchiole

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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