Blood and Heart

Question 1

A person with an extremely high count of neutrophils is likely suffering ________.

Select one:

a. a bacterial infection
b. polycythemia
c. anemia
d. a viral infection

Answer 1

a. a bacterial infection

Question 2

A person exhibiting suppression of immunity and clotting disorder as well as low oxygen-carrying capacity is likely suffering from which of the following?

Select one:

a. iron deficiency anemia
b. aplastic anemia
c. pernicious anemia
d. hemorrhagic anemia

Answer 2

b. aplastic anemia

Question 3

Which body activity would be most affected if a patient lacked an adequate number of erythrocytes (anemia)?

Select one:

a. clotting
b. immune response
c. hormone transport
d. oxygen transport

Answer 3

d. oxygen transport

Question 4

Which blood component primarily contributes to plasma osmotic pressure?

Select one:

a. electrolytes
b. albumin
c. gamma globulin
d. blood borne nutrients

Answer 4

b. albumin

Question 5

Loss of fibrinogen within the plasma would most likely cause which of the following?

Select one:

a. fever with pain
b. pallor (pale skin)
c. edema (swelling)
d. loss of blood clotting

Answer 5

d. loss of blood clotting

Question 6

A patient’s hematocrit shows an unusually large buffy coat. What is a likely cause for this?

Select one:

a. severe infection
b. anemia
c. lipidemia
d. thrombocytopenia

Answer 6

a. severe infection

Question 7

With a patient that is administered an injection of erythropoietin (EPO) you would expect to see ________.

Select one:

a. decreased white blood cell count
b. increased white blood cell count
c. decreased hematocrit
d. increased hematocrit

Answer 7

d. increased hematocrit

Question 8

With a patient who is administered an injection of colony stimulating factor (CSF), you would expect to see ________.

Select one:

a. decreased white blood cell count
b. increased white blood cell count
c. decreased red blood cell count
d. increased red blood cell count

Answer 8

b. increased white blood cell count

Question 9

Higher viscosity of blood will increase the amount of stress placed on the heart while it is pumping. Viscosity of blood is highest when ________.

Select one:

a. hemoglobin levels are lowest
b. hematocrit is highest
c. HbA1C levels are lowest
d. plasma levels are highest

Answer 9

b. hematocrit is highest

Question 10

Which of the following would you expect to have the least effect on hematocrit percentage?

Select one:

a. living at higher altitude
b. injection with erythropoietin (EPO)
c. prolonged or excessive fever
d. dehydration

Answer 10

c. prolonged or excessive fever

Question 11

People that have a single allele (gene copy) for sickle cell anemia are typically not sick from the disease and are said to be carriers of sickle cell trait. These people will more often live in the malaria belt of sub-Saharan Africa. The most likely explanation for this is ________.

Select one:

a. malaria is a cause of sickle cell trait
b. the tropical climate attracts people with sickle cell trait
c. people with sickle cell trait have a better chance of surviving malaria
d. sickle cell trait is passed on to the biting mosquitoes as malaria

Answer 11

c. people with sickle cell trait have a better chance of surviving malaria

Question 12

Lipids (either nutrients or hormones) are insoluble in water but are found traveling in the plasma of the blood. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this?

Select one:

a. enzymes in the plasma convert lipids to soluble forms
b. lipids are carried in plasma bound to soluble plasma transport proteins
c. lipids are carried only in the lymph which is primarily composed of unsaturated fats
d. lipids are carried inside blood cells

Answer 12

b. lipids are carried in plasma bound to soluble plasma transport proteins

Question 13

A mismatch of blood types during a transfusion is dangerous because ________.

Select one:

a. antibodies in the donor’s plasma will attack and kill the recipient’s healthy blood cells
b. clotting factors in the donor’s blood will cause unwanted clots known as thrombus
c. preformed antibodies in the recipient’s blood will bind and clump (agglutinate) the donated cells
d. white blood cells from the donor’s blood cause inflammation

Answer 13

c. preformed antibodies in the recipient’s blood will bind and clump (agglutinate) the donated cells

Question 14

Which two factors below make rapid and substantial blood loss life threatening?

Select one:

a. loss of immunity and loss of carbon dioxide carrying capacity
b. loss of clotting ability and loss of osmotic pressure
c. loss of blood pressure and loss of oxygen carrying capacity
d. loss of immunity and loss of blood pressure

Answer 14

c. loss of blood pressure and loss of oxygen carrying capacity

Question 15

What is the average normal pH range of blood?

Select one:

a. 8.35-8.45
b. 7.75-7.85
c. 7.35-7.45
d. 4.65-4.75

Answer 15

c. 7.35-7.45

Question 16

Which blood type is generally called the universal donor?

Select one:

a. A positive
b. B negative
c. AB positive
d. O negative

Answer 16

d. O negative

Question 17

Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis?

Select one:

a. hypoxia of EPO-producing cells
b. decreased tissue demand for oxygen
c. an increased number of RBCs
d. moving to a lower altitude

Answer 17

a. hypoxia of EPO-producing cells

Question 18

Replacing lost blood volume with an isotonic saline solution ________.
Select one:
a. restores the oxygen-carrying capacity of the circulation
b. restores the patient’s blood glucose levels
c. lowers the patient’s blood volume
d. lowers the patient’s hematocrit

Answer 18

d. lowers the patient’s hematocrit

Question 19

Blood doping refers to the practice of ________ before an athletic event.

Select one:

a. training at high altitude to increase red blood cell production
b. injecting performance-enhancing steroids into the blood
c. removing, storing, and re-injecting a person’s red blood cells
d. injecting high amounts of oxygen into the blood stream

Answer 19

c. removing, storing, and re-injecting a person’s red blood cells

Question 20

The cells responsible for producing platelets are called ________.

Select one:

a. megakaryocytes
b. myeloblasts
c. monoblasts
d. lymphoid stem cells

Answer 20

a. megakaryocytes

Question 21

What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?

Select one:

a. kidney
b. brain
c. liver
d. pancreas

Answer 21

a. kidney

Question 22

Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?

Select one:

a. excitation of the sinoatrial (SA) node
b. closure of the heart valves
c. friction of blood against the chamber walls
d. opening of the heart valves

Answer 22

b. closure of the heart valves

Question 23

During the isovolumetric relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle, _______.

Select one:

a. atrioventricular, aortic, and pulmonary valves are closed
b. atrioventricular valves are closed; aortic and pulmonary valves are open
c. atrioventricular valves are open; aortic and pulmonary valves are closed
d. atrioventricular, aortic, and pulmonary valves are open

Answer 23

a. atrioventricular, aortic, and pulmonary valves are closed

Question 24

Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes ________.

Select one:

a. a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
b. a rise in blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
c. no change in blood pressure but a slower heart rate
d. no change in blood pressure but a change in respiration

Answer 24

a. a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output

Question 25

The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to ________. Select one: a. accommodate a greater volume of blood b. expand the thoracic cage during diastole c. pump blood with greater pressure d. pump blood through a smaller valve

Answer 25

c. pump blood with greater pressure

Question 26

Which chambers of the heart contain oxygenated blood? Select one: a. right and left atria b. right and left ventricles c. right atrium and ventricle d. left atrium and ventricle

Answer 26

d. left atrium and ventricle

Question 27

If the SA node is not functioning, an ECG will show ________. Select one: a. higher P waves b. more P waves than QRS waves c. no QRS waves d. no P waves with a HR between 40-60 bpm

Answer 27

d. no P waves with a HR between 40-60 bpm

Question 28

The receiving chambers of the heart include the ________. Select one: a. right and left atria b. right and left ventricles c. right atrium and ventricle d. left atrium and ventricle

Answer 28

a. right and left atria

Question 29

The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is ________. Select one: a. ischemia b. pericarditis c. myocardial infarct d. angina pectoris

Answer 29

d. angina pectoris

Question 30

To auscultate the aortic semilunar valve, you would place your stethoscope in the ________. Select one: a. second intercostal space to the right of the sternum b. second intercostal space to the left of the sternum c. fifth intercostal space inferior to the left nipple d. fifth right intercostal space

Answer 30

a. second intercostal space to the right of the sternum

Question 31

The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the ________. Select one: a. coronary sinus b. fossa ovalis c. coronary arteries d. coronary veins

Answer 31

c. coronary arteries

Question 32

The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it ________. Select one: a. pumps a greater volume of blood b. pumps blood against a greater resistance c. expands the thoracic cage d. sends blood through a smaller valve

Answer 32

b. pumps blood against a greater resistance

Question 33

If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from ________. Select one: a. decreased delivery of oxygen b. a decrease in the number of available mitochondria for energy production c. a lack of nutrients to feed into metabolic pathways d. an inadequate supply of lactic acid

Answer 33

a. decreased delivery of oxygen

Question 34

Norepinephrine acts on the heart by ________. Select one: a. decreasing heart contractility b. causing a decrease in stroke volume c. blocking the action of calcium d. causing threshold to be reached more quickly

Answer 34

d. causing threshold to be reached more quickly

Question 35

If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that ________. Select one: a. the heart would stop, since the vagal nerves trigger the heart to contract b. the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute c. the atrioventricular (AV) node would become the pacemaker of the heart d. parasympathetic stimulation would increase, causing a decrease in heart rate

Answer 35

b. the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute

Question 36

The foramen ovale ________. Select one: a. connected the two atria in the fetal heart b. is a condition in which the heart valves do not completely close c. is a shallow depression in the interventricular septum d. a connection between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta in the fetus

Answer 36

a. connected the two atria in the fetal heart

Question 37

Which vessel(s) of the heart receive(s) blood from the right ventricle? Select one: a. venae cavae b. pulmonary trunk c. aorta d. pulmonary veins

Answer 37

b. pulmonary trunk

Question 38

Which of the following receive(s) blood during ventricular systole? Select one: a. aorta only b. pulmonary arteries only c. pulmonary veins only d. both the aorta and pulmonary trunk

Answer 38

d. both the aorta and pulmonary trunk

Question 39

Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle ________. Select one: a. has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium b. lacks striations c. has more nuclei per cell d. cells are larger than skeletal muscle cells

Answer 39

a. has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium

Question 40

During the period of ventricular filling, ________. Select one: a. pressure in the heart is at its peak b. blood flows mostly passively from the atria through the atrioventricular (AV) valves into the ventricles c. the atria remain in diastole d. the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves are open

Answer 40

b. blood flows mostly passively from the atria through the atrioventricular (AV) valves into the ventricles

Question 41

The second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle? Select one: a. isovolumetric relaxation b. isovolumetric contraction c. ventricular ejection d. ventricular filling

Answer 41

a. isovolumetric relaxation

Question 42

Select the correct statement about cardiac output. Select one: a. A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction. b. Decreased venous return will result in increased end diastolic volume. c. If a semilunar valve were partially obstructed, the end systolic volume in the affected ventricle would be decreased. d. Stroke volume increases if end diastolic volume decreases.

Answer 42

stroke volume, and force of contraction.

Question 43

Given an end diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 ml / beat and an end systolic volume (ESV) of 50 ml / beat, the stroke volume (SV) would be ________. Select one: a. 120 ml / beat b. 170 ml / beat c. 70 ml / beat d. 50 ml / beat

Answer 43

c. 70 ml / beat

Question 44

If the mitral valve is unable to close properly, ________. Select one: a. blood could flow back into the left atrium b. blood could flow back into the left ventricle c. blood could flow back into the right atrium d. blood could flow back into the right ventricle

Answer 44

a. blood could flow back into the left atrium

Question 45

During exercise, which of the following would occur on an electrocardiogram (ECG) compared to an individual at rest? Select one: a. the T wave would decrease b. the P-R interval would decrease c. the time from one R to the R of the next heartbeat would decrease d. the S-T segment would decrease

Answer 45

c. the time from one R to the R of the next heartbeat would decrease

Question 46

What is the expected heart rate when a heart is removed from a living body? Select one: a. the heart would immediately stop beating b. 50 beats / minute c. 75 beats / minute d. 100 beats / minute

Answer 46

d. 100 beats / minute

Question 47

The Frank-Starling Law states that, if other factors are constant, a ________. Select one: a. higher stroke volume will produce a lower end diastolic volume b. higher end diastolic volume will produce a higher stroke volume c. higher end diastolic volume will produce a lower stroke volume d. higher stroke volume will produce a higher end diastolic volume

Answer 47

b. higher end diastolic volume will produce a higher stroke volume

Question 48

Reduction in the concentration of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by ________. Select one: a. increasing hydrostatic pressure and edema will occur b. decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur c. increasing hydrostatic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases d. decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases

Answer 48

b. decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur

Question 49

During a marathon which of the following hormones is least likely to be released by the runner? Select one: a. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) b. epinephrine c. angiotensin II d. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 49

a. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 50

Which structural layer of blood vessels is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure? Select one: a. subendothelial b. tunica intima c. tunica media d. tunica externa

Answer 50

c. tunica media

Question 51

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart and are named by the organs they supply (renal) are _________. Select one: a. elastic arteries b. muscular arteries c. arterioles d. capillaries

Answer 51

b. muscular arteries

Question 52

Which blood vessels lack elastic tissue? Select one: a. muscular arteries and arterioles b. venules and veins c. capillaries and venules d. arterioles and capillaries

Answer 52

c. capillaries and venules

Question 53

In red bone marrow newly formed blood cells enter the circulation. You would expect to see many ________ type of capillaries in red bone marrow. Select one: a. sinusoid b. continuous c. fenestrated d. metarterioles

Answer 53

a. sinusoid

Question 54

The aorta receives the full force of blood exiting the heart during ventricular systole. Which of the following statements best describes the adaptive anatomy of the aorta? Select one: a. The aorta's tunica media is thick with dense regular connective tissue to withstand the blood's pressure. b. Smooth muscle is relatively thin in the aorta to increase lumen size and systemic blood flow. c. Elastic fibers are extensive in the tunica media of the aorta and dampen the pulse pressure generated by the heart. d. The tunica external of the aorta is nearly absent compared to other vessels.

Answer 54

c. Elastic fibers are extensive in the tunica media of the aorta and dampen the pulse pressure generated by the heart.

Question 55

Blood flow is ________ proportional to the difference in blood pressure. Blood flow is ________ proportional to the total peripheral resistance. Select one: a. inversely; directly b. directly; inversely c. inversely; inversely d. directly; directly

Answer 55

b. directly; inversely

Question 56

Atherosclerosis causes elastic arteries to become less stretchy. How does this affect pulse pressure? Select one: a. Pulse pressure is chronically increased. b. Pulse pressure is temporarily increased. c. Pulse pressure is chronically decreased. d. Pulse pressure is temporarily decreased. e. Pulse pressure is unaffected by atherosclerosis.

Answer 56

a. Pulse pressure is chronically increased.

Question 57

In general, it is expected that ________. Select one: a. hydrostatic pressure will rise as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed b. hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed c. hydrostatic pressure will remain constant throughout the capillary bed d. osmotic pressure will be lower in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end

Answer 57

b. hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed

Question 58

Which of the following is most likely to occur in the arteriovenous shuts present in the blood vessels of the finger tips and toes? Select one: a. Colder temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts. b. Warmer temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts. c. Exercise will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts. d. Colder temperatures will result in vasodilation in the arteriovenous shuts.

Answer 58

a. Colder temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts.

Question 59

The release of which hormone is most likely to cause a reduction in blood volume and pressure? Select one: a. antidiuretic hormone b. aldosterone c. norepinephrine d. atrial natriuretic peptide

Answer 59

d. atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 60

Which statement best describes arteries? Select one: a. All carry oxygenated blood to the heart. b. All carry blood away from the heart. c. All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood. d. Only large arteries are lined with endothelium.

Answer 60

b. All carry blood away from the heart.

Question 61

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________. Select one: a. arterioles b. arteries c. veins d. capillaries

Answer 61

d. capillaries

Question 62

Which of the following contain oxygenated blood? Select one: a. pulmonary trunk b. lobar arteries c. pulmonary veins d. pulmonary arteries

Answer 62

c. pulmonary veins

Question 63

The pulse pressure is ________. Select one: a. systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure b. systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure c. systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure d. diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure)

Answer 63

b. systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

Question 64

Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? Select one: a. Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs. b. The skin will be cold and clammy. c. Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood. d. Blood flow to the kidneys increases.

Answer 64

c. Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.

Question 65

Peripheral resistance ________. Select one: a. decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel b. increases as blood vessel diameter increases c. increases as blood viscosity increases d. is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals

Answer 65

c. increases as blood viscosity increases

Question 66

Blood flow to the skin ________. Select one: a. is controlled mainly by decreasing pH b. increases when environmental temperature rises c. increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze d. is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells

Answer 66

b. increases when environmental temperature rises

Question 67

Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock? Select one: a. hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume b. cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels c. vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone d. circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant

Answer 67

c. vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone

Question 68

The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________. Select one: a. the form of shock caused by anaphylaxis b. any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally c. shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea d. always fatal

Answer 68

c. shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea

Question 69

Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance? Select one: a. blood viscosity b. total blood vessel length c. blood vessel diameter d. blood vessels type

Answer 69

c. blood vessel diameter

Question 70

Which of the following is least involved in pulmonary circulation? Select one: a. right ventricle b. pulmonary arteries and veins c. left atrium d. superior vena cava

Answer 70

d. superior vena cava

Question 71

Due to the branching of arteries the type of arteries that would be most numerous would be ________. Select one: a. muscular arteries b. elastic arteries c. arterioles d. pulmonary arteries

Answer 71

c. arterioles

Question 72

Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension? Select one: a. 120/80 b. 140/90 c. 170/96 d. 110/60

Answer 72

c. 170/96

Question 73

A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________. Select one: a. left side of the head and neck b. myocardium of the heart c. left upper arm d. right side of the head and neck and right upper arm

Answer 73

d. right side of the head and neck and right upper arm

Question 74

Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ________. Select one: a. skin temperature b. ADH c. intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms d. the hypothalamic "thermostat"

Answer 74

c. intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms

Question 75

The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following? Select one: a. a decrease in carbon dioxide b. changes in arterial pressure c. a decrease in oxygen levels d. an increase in oxygen levels

Answer 75

b. changes in arterial pressure

Question 76

Secondary hypertension can be caused by ________. Select one: a. obesity b. stress c. kidney disease d. smoking

Answer 76

c. kidney disease

Question 77

Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation? Select one: a. kidney b. lungs c. liver d. heart

Answer 77

b. lungs

Question 78

If a person has lost a significant amount of blood but still maintains a normal blood pressure it does not necessarily mean that the person is maintaining adequate perfusion. Which of the following best explains why this is so? Select one: a. Blood vessels are constricting causing greater peripheral resistance. b. The heart has increased its rate to increase cardiac output. c. The heart has increased its contractile force increasing cardiac output. d. The sympathetic nervous system has increased its nervous impulses.

Answer 78

a. Blood vessels are constricting causing greater peripheral resistance.