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A&P 2 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What always accompanies a kidney tubule in the urinary system/ “kidney”?

A

Blood vessel/capillary

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2
Q

What protects the kidney within the body?

A

Kidney is surrounded by fat for protection

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3
Q

Functions of kidney include

A

blood filtration, excretes waste, secretes erythropoietin, regulates calcium levels/ electrolytes, blood volume/pressure, osmolarity

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4
Q

Urine is stored in _____ and made in the ______

A

Bladder, kidney

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5
Q

Movement of substances from blood to kidney tubule

A

filtration

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6
Q

process wherereturn of “good” substances to bloodstream, while “bad” substances gets excreted in urine

A

Absorption

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7
Q

Functional unit of kidney; can make urine

A

nephron

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8
Q

Formation of urine begins in this process

A

Filtration

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9
Q

Each afferent arteriole has an accompanying

A

nephron

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10
Q

Balls of capillaries reform into

A

efferent arterioles

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11
Q

Which arterioles will be under high pressure & why?

A

Efferent arterioles due to filtration

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12
Q

nephron composed of _____ that filters blood & _______ that converts filtrate into urine

A

renal corpuscle; renal tubule

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13
Q

Podocytes are located in

A

Visceral layer of glomerulus

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14
Q

Specialized cells that wrap around glomerular capillaries to support capillary wall

A

podocytes

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15
Q

Examples of nitrogenous waste

A

Urea, Uric Acid, Creatinine, Ammonia

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16
Q

Nitrogenous waste mainly excreted by humans

A

Urea

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17
Q

Nitrogenous wastes that are both secreted and reabosrobed

A

Urea & Uric Acid

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18
Q

Nitrogenous waste thats only secreted and NOT reabsorbed

A

Creatinine

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19
Q

Engaged in active transport of salts, has lots of mitochondria & uses lots of ATP

A

Nephron Loop

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20
Q

Flow of Glomerular Filtrate

A

Glomerular Capsule, PCT, nephron loop, DCT, Collecting Duct, Papillary Duct, Minor Calyx, Major Calyx, Renal Pelvis, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra

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21
Q

What happens when filtrate reaches collecting duct?

A

It can be considered Urine

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22
Q

Kidney converts blood to urine in 4 stages

A

Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Resorption, Tubular Secretion, Water Conservation

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23
Q

Stage where filtrate is first made in urine conversion

A

Glomerular Filtration

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24
Q

Plasma-like like filtrate of blood where the movement of substances from blood goes into capsular space

A

Glomerular Filtration

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25
Q

process of reclaiming water and solutes from tubular fluid and returning them to the blood in this stage of urine formation

A

Tubular Reabsorption

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26
Q

Removes additional waste from blood & adds it to filtrate in this process or urine formation

A

Tubular Secretion

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27
Q

Water is removed from urine & goes back into blood in this stage of urine formation

A

Water conservation

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28
Q

Filtrate is produced in this region

A

Renal Corpuscle (between glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule)

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29
Q

Kidney is composed of how many nephrons?

A

1.2 million

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30
Q

What area is the cut off of a nephron?

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule. (DCT)

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31
Q

Beginning of nephron_____ & end of nephron ______

A

Renal Corpuscle; Distal Convoluted Tubule

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32
Q

nephron connected to a collecting tube that drips

A

urine

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33
Q

What ultimately needs to be reabsorbed from filtrate in DCT & collecting tube?

A

W A T E R

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34
Q

Tubular Reabsorption routes include

A

Transcellular (right through PCT cell) & Paracellular (right PCT between cells)

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35
Q

85 % of capillaries whose efferent arterioles branch into peritubular capillaries that surround PCT & DCT

A

Cortical nephrons

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36
Q

15 % of capillaries w/ long nephron loops whose efferent arterioles branch into vasa recta surrounding nephron loops

A

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

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37
Q

Sympathetic innervation effect on renal system

A

reduces glomerular. blood flow, reduces rate or urine production, responds to fall in BP by stimulating the kidneys to secrete renin

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38
Q

Substances that pass through filtration membrane

A

Water, Electrolytes, Glucose, Amino Acids, Fatty Acids, Vitamins and Urea

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39
Q

Substances that cannot pass through membrane

A

blood cells, plasma proteins

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40
Q

Sympathetic innervation & renal epinephrine cause

A

constriction of afferent arterioles, reduces GFR & urine output

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41
Q

Filtrate is formed when

A

blood flows from glomerulus , gets filtered

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42
Q

When blood plasma is forced across filtration membrane under pressure, what is formed?

A

Filtrate

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43
Q

Filtration membrane includes

A

endothelium, basement membrane and filtration slits.

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44
Q

Filtration Membrane Area that blocks formed elements (not filtered)

A

Endothelium

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45
Q

Filtration Membrane Area that blocks large proteins (limited filtered)

A

Basement membrane

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46
Q

Filtration Membrane Area that blocks small proteins (freely filtered)

A

Filtration Splits

47
Q

Amount of force of pressure pushing out of capillary into filtration space

A

10 mm hg- net filtration pressure

48
Q

Net Filtration Pressure proportional to

A

GFR, amount of filtrate formed, solutes and water remaining in tubular fluid, substances in urine

49
Q

Net Filtration rate inversely proportional to

A

filtrate reabsorption

50
Q

Amount of filtrate produced by both kidneys each minute

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

50
Q

Amount of filtrate produced by both kidneys each minute

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

51
Q

Average Daily GFR made by man

52
Q

Average Daily GFR made by woman

53
Q

99 % of filtrate is reabsorbed, because

A

only 1-2 L of urine is excreted daily

54
Q

If GFR is too high

A

Urine output rises, fluid will not be reabsorbed properly, possible dehydration

55
Q

if GFR is too low

A

waste are reabsorbed , blood is not being purifired

56
Q

GFR is regulated by

A

Glomerular Blood Pressure

57
Q

ability for kidneys to regulate their own GFR despite changes in systemic blood pressure

A

Renal autoregulation

58
Q

Two methods of renal autoregulation

A

Myogenic and Tubuloglomerular Feedback

59
Q

A form of renal autoregulation, the myogenic mechanism is based on

A

whether the arteriole wall smooth muscle contracts or relaxes when stretched

60
Q

In the myogenic mechanism, if arterial BP raises

A

afferent arterioles will stretch and constrict, & prevents blood flow into glomerulus from changing

61
Q

In the myogenic mechanism, if arterial BP decreases,

A

afferent arteriole will relax, and dilate. blood flow into glomerulus will increase & filtration will remain stable

62
Q

This mechanism helps maintain normal glomerular blood pressure via the detection of NaCl in the fluid, when the myogenic mechanism fails to maintain normal glomerular blood pressure

A

Tubuluoglomerular Feedback Mechanism

63
Q

When GFR is too high,

A

more NaCl is in the filtrate (detected by Tubuloglomerular feedbaack)

64
Q

Increase of NaCl in filtrate/tubular fluid is detected by macula densa cells causing

A

macula densa cells to secrete ATP

65
Q

Mesangial cells turn ATP into Adenosine , then

A

Adenosine causes granular cells to contract, which reduces blood flow through afferent arteriole and slows GFR

66
Q

If GFR rises, more NaCL is reabsorbed & granular cells cause ….

A

afferent arteriole to contract causing GFR to drop to normal

67
Q

If GFR falls, macula densa cells RELAXes afferent arteriole/ mesangial cells

A

blood flow increases & GFR rises to normal level

68
Q

Renin- Angiotensin Mechanism responds to

A

drop in Glomerular BP, which stimulates sympathetic nervous system

69
Q

If Glomerular Blood Pressure drops,

A

GFR will decrease and suffer, as it will not be able to produce enough filtrate

70
Q

When glomerular blood pressure drops & triggers sympathetic nervous system,

A

the kidneys are triggered to release Renin, which converts INACTIVE angiotensinogen to ANGIOTENSIN

71
Q

How does Angiotensin 1 turn into Angiotension 2?

A

ACE enzyme conversts A1 to A2

72
Q

What does Angiotensin 2 ultimately cause?

A

Vasoconstriction, which increase blood pressure & GFR

73
Q

Angiotensin 2 stimulates adrenal cortex to produces

A

Aldosterone

74
Q

Aldosterone causes

A

NaCl AND WATER to be reabsorbed into body system; reabsorption of water increases Blood volume & blood pressure

75
Q

Where salt goes,

A

water follows

76
Q

How much glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed and by what?

A

65 % of glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by PCT

77
Q

What takes up the reabsorbed fluid once tubular reaborption occurs?

A

Peritubular Capillaries

78
Q

What is solvent drag?

A

Water “dragging”/ taking anything that dissolves in it

79
Q

Why is Sodium the key to reabsorption?

A

It creates a gradient that allows for reabsorption of water & solutes; favors diffusion into epithelial cells

80
Q

Transporter proteins responsible for Sodium uptake

A

Symport (NA binds to other molecule & moves in same direction) & Antiport (pulls NA into cell & pumps H into tubular fluid)

81
Q

Sodium Reabsorption

A

NA prevented from accumulating in epithelium by NA/K pump, so NA is picked up by peritubular caps & sent to blood

82
Q

Na/K pump is an example of active transport

A

bc they use ATP

83
Q

Sodium-Glucose Transporter Proteins (symport)

A

Sodium co transports glucose providing energy for glucose to move from tubular fluid to capillary (normally all glucose is reabsorbed)

84
Q

Where does Tubular Reabsorption take place?

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

85
Q

How does glucose leave cell during reabsorption?

A

Facilitated Diffusion

86
Q

How do we rid Sodium out of cell during reaborption?

A

Na/K pumps remove excess NA. Sodium out of cell and puts K back in cell , which restores NA battery

87
Q

How do H+ protons end up being excreted by Urine?

A

Na/H+ antiport- Na gradient pushed NA into cell, and H+ pushes out to tubular fluid to be excreted by urine

88
Q

Sodium Potassium pumps use a lot of

89
Q

Purposes of secretion in PCT and nephron loop include (2nd round filtration)

A

acid base balance, waste removal, clearance of drugs/contaminants

90
Q

Nephron Loop Function

A

reabsorb water and sodium chloride from the filtrate which conserves water & produces highly concentrated urine.

91
Q

allows water to move through membrane

92
Q

The deeper you go into the medulla

A

substances get more concentrated & draws more water to be reabsorbed by capillaries

93
Q

DCT & Collecting Ducts reabsorb water & salts & are regulated by

A

hormones like aldosterone, natriuretic peptide, and ADH

94
Q

Two types of cells in DCT and Collecting ducts

A

prinicipal cells (most numerous, have hormone receptors, involved inwater/ salt balance) AND intercalated cells (involved in acid- base balance; Secres H+/ reabsorbs K+)

95
Q

Salt retaining hormone; triggered when Sodium concentration fails

A

Aldoesterone

96
Q

Hormone that’s secreted in response to high blood pressure; ultimately secretes more Sodium & water, lowering blood pressure

A

Natriuretic Peptide

97
Q

Hormone that makes collecting ducts more permeable to water by increasing aquaporins; prevents urination , takes water back to blood stream

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

98
Q

Part of nephron that completes the process of making urine

99
Q

_______ conserves water

A

Collecting Duct

100
Q

Part of nephron that reabsorbs Na+, Cl−, and water under hormonal control, especially aldosterone and ANP

101
Q

NORMAL DAILY URINE VOLUME

102
Q

Excess urine output (2+L/day)

103
Q

Less output (500mL/day)

104
Q

0-100 mL/day (which is deadly)

A

Anuria, which can lead to azotemia

105
Q

Too much nitrogren in blood

106
Q

Common diuretics include

A

Caffeine, Alcohol (inhibits ADH secretion)

107
Q

tube that conveys urine out of body

108
Q

the act of urinating

A

Micturition

109
Q

Renal ________ 4x more salty than renal ______

A

medulla; cortex

110
Q

An active process occurring in the loops of Henle that is responsible for the production of concentrated urine in the collecting ducts of the nephrons.

A

Countercurrent multiplier

111
Q

What acts as a countercurrent multiplier?

A

Nephron Loop

112
Q

This is formed by blood flowing in opposite directions in adjacent parallel capillaries

A

Countercurrent System

A&P 2 (8 decks)

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