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A&P 2 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Lymphocytes and Monocytes(macrophages)

A

Most important leukocytes ( WBCs) that deal with immunity

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2
Q

3 Main Lymphocytes

A

T-cells (80%). B-cells (15%), NK cells (5%)

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3
Q

These cells mature in thymus

A

T cells

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4
Q

make antibodies; turns into plasma cells & produces antibodies

A

B cells

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5
Q

attack/destroy bacterial cells that can be viral or cancerous, etc

A

NK cells

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6
Q

Monocytes become

A

macrophages (big eaters/ phagocytic)

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7
Q

Agents that can produce diseases are

A

Pathogens

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8
Q

Actively seek pathogens

A

Wandering Macrophages

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9
Q

Phagocytize pathogens that come to them

A

Fixed macrophages

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10
Q

Examples of macrophages that can be found in CNS, lungs & liver

A

microglia, alveolar , and hepatic macrophages

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11
Q

Skin and mucous membranes considered

A

1st line of immune defense

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12
Q

2nd line of defense are Innate aka

A

NON specific

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13
Q

3rd line of Immune Defense are Adaptive aka

A

Specific

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14
Q

Innate/nonspecific/ external/ mechanical barrier

A

skin- keratin roughness makes breach difficult, releases acid to kill bacteria, makes peptides to kill microbes

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15
Q

Innate/Non Specific/ Mechanical External barrier

A

mucus membrane- traps microbes; makes lysosomes that destroy bacterial cell walls

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16
Q

INNATE/ NON SPECIFIC- PROTECTIVE PROTEINS are

A

interferons and complement (system)

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17
Q

This innate/ non specific / protective proteins interferon …

A

alert system for neighboring cells, helps protect from infection, activates NK cells & macrophages

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18
Q

Innate/NonSpecific Protective protein complement system

A

group of 30+ proteins involved in resistance & adaptive immunity

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19
Q

4 functions/ Mechanism of complement include

A

Inflammation, Immune Clearance, Phagocytosis, Cytolysis

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20
Q

3 routes of Complement Activation

A

Classical , Alternative & Lectin pathways

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21
Q

Complement proteins cause mast cells and basophils

A

to secrete histamine, resulting in inflammation

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22
Q

Popular vasodilator

A

Histamine

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23
Q

Immune Clearance main principle

A

is to clear foreign antigens from blood

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24
Q

How does immune system work?

A

C3 binds to RBCs that travel to spleen where macrophages break off & eat up foreign antigens from blood stream

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25
Phagocytosis is a process
that makes foreign cells more appetizing. complement binds to bacteria cell & macrophage will eat it up
26
Classical pathway requires
anti body presence
27
Steps of Classical pathway
Antibody-antigen complex forms, antibody changes shape, C1 binds to antibody to begin complement fixation
28
cell splitting and killing process is known as
cytolysis
29
complement proteins form ring in membrane of target cells causing cytolysis
MAC- membrane attack complex
30
Complement cannot
phagocytize itself
31
complement by itself
can kill cells
32
has ability to kill multi types of cells; releases perforins that perforate membrane
NK Cells
33
How NK cells operate as protective cells
Pokes hole in cell, secretes granzymes to kill cell from inside out, the macrophages comes clean up cell
34
Innate/ Non Specific/ Protective Processes include
Fever & inflammation
35
Abnormal elevation of body temperature that presents when fighting infection; promotes interferon activity
fever; febrile; pyrexia
36
4 Cardinal signs of inflammation
Redness, Swelling, Pain, Heat
37
Inflammation is caused by
release of cytokines (a protein that regulates immunity & inflammation)
38
Inflammation prevents
spread of pathogens
39
How does inflammation stop spread of pathogens?
Fibrin surrounds outside to contain infection; heparin stays inside to prevent clotting & to get blood cells and antibodies in
40
Enemy of bacteria that accumulates at site of injury & quickly phagocytizes bacteria
Neutrophils
41
Respiratory burst is when
neutrophils secrete "clorox" which "kills everything"
42
Chemotaxis is
movement in response to chemicals
43
diapedesis is
passage of blood through an intact vessel
44
Adpative immunity is
HIGHLY SPECIFIC
45
two forms of adapative immunity include
Cellular (t cells) & Humoral ( antibodies)
46
How does Cellular Adaptive immunity work?
Lymphocytes directly attack foreign cells
47
How does Humoral Adaptive immunity work?
It is mediated by antibodies, and the antibodies sets up pathogens to be destroyed by something else. (antibodies cannot kill cells)
48
Humoral Adaptive Immunity only works
outside of cell/ extracellular pathogens
49
Natural Active Immunity
standard response to infection; production of antibodies from natural exposure to antigen
50
Artificial Active Immunity
production of antibodies as result of vaccine; induced
51
Natural Passive
temporary immunity resulting from antibodies produced from another person (mama to fetus)
52
Artificial passive
temp immunity from injection of antibodies from another persona/ animal. (snake bites, rabies)
53
active immunity
body makes antibody/ immune response
54
passive
we're "passed"/ "given" antibody/ immune response
55
antigen
anything that triggers an immune response
56
Lymphocyte that is non specific/ innate
NK Cells
57
Lymphocyte that is adaptive/ specific
T cells & B cells
58
in order for T cell to recognize antigen
antigen must be presented with an MHC (major histocompatibility protein"
59
Our bodies make T cell receptors and antibodies
randomly
60
What happens if t cell receptors/ antibodies recognize self?
They will attack each other and result in autoimmune disease
61
How are t cell/ antibody lymphocytes handled in early development?
These cells are either killed or put to sleep (energy)... hopefully they do not wake up :)
62
What are Professional Antigen Presenting Cells?
These are presentation of antigens that originate OUTSIDE of the cell; ex: bacteria cells
63
Examples of APCs
macrophages, B-cells, dendritic, reticular cells
64
Cells that are capable of immune response in nucleated cells & their MHC protein
Cytotoxic T-cell, MHC-1; presentation of antigen that originates from within APC
65
Cells that are capable of immune response in antigen presenting cells & their MHC protein
T-Helper cell; MHC-2; antigens that originate outside of APC
66
Tcell+ Ag (antigen) =
NOTHING
67
Tcell + Ag/MHC=
BINDING
68
Ab+Ag=
BINDING
69
What is being matching when searching for organ donor compatibility?
MHC proteins
70
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)
KILLs cells/ similar to NK cells
71
Helper T cells (CD4)
Activate immune system; releases cytokines and interleukins
72
Regulatory Tcells (CD4)
inhibits/limits immune response
73
Memory Tcells
memory in cellular immunity; triggered/fight when cells are reactivated
74
How are antibodies involved in Humoral immunity?
B cells produce antibodies, which binds & tag antigens for later destruction
75
Do antibodies require MHC to recognize antigens?
no, t cells receptors require MHC.
76
How does the humoral immune response work
B cells have antibodies on their surface. Some turn into plasma cells, which secretes antibodies and allowed them to fulfill antibody mediated attack mechanisms.
77
How many antibodies can plasma cells produce? what is their life span?
plasma cells can produce 2k per second & have 4-5 day lifespan
78
Can antibodies kill cells?
No.
79
Antibody mediated attack mechanisms include
Neutralization, Complement fixation, Agglutination, Precipitation
80
Where antibodies mask pathogenic portion of antigens
Neutralization
81
antibodies bind to antigen, antibody changes its shape, complement binds to antibody resulting in protective mechanisms aka classical pathway
Complement fixation
82
binding to multiple cells to immobilize them
aggulutination
83
antibody antigen complex forming, precipitates to then be phagocytized or removed by immune clearance
precipitation
84
How long until antibody response from initial exposure
2 weeks
85
How long for antibody response once re exposed
1-2 days

A&P 2 (8 decks)

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