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A&P 2 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphocytes and Monocytes(macrophages)

A

Most important leukocytes ( WBCs) that deal with immunity

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2
Q

3 Main Lymphocytes

A

T-cells (80%). B-cells (15%), NK cells (5%)

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3
Q

These cells mature in thymus

A

T cells

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4
Q

make antibodies; turns into plasma cells & produces antibodies

A

B cells

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5
Q

attack/destroy bacterial cells that can be viral or cancerous, etc

A

NK cells

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6
Q

Monocytes become

A

macrophages (big eaters/ phagocytic)

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7
Q

Agents that can produce diseases are

A

Pathogens

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8
Q

Actively seek pathogens

A

Wandering Macrophages

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9
Q

Phagocytize pathogens that come to them

A

Fixed macrophages

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10
Q

Examples of macrophages that can be found in CNS, lungs & liver

A

microglia, alveolar , and hepatic macrophages

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11
Q

Skin and mucous membranes considered

A

1st line of immune defense

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12
Q

2nd line of defense are Innate aka

A

NON specific

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13
Q

3rd line of Immune Defense are Adaptive aka

A

Specific

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14
Q

Innate/nonspecific/ external/ mechanical barrier

A

skin- keratin roughness makes breach difficult, releases acid to kill bacteria, makes peptides to kill microbes

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15
Q

Innate/Non Specific/ Mechanical External barrier

A

mucus membrane- traps microbes; makes lysosomes that destroy bacterial cell walls

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16
Q

INNATE/ NON SPECIFIC- PROTECTIVE PROTEINS are

A

interferons and complement (system)

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17
Q

This innate/ non specific / protective proteins interferon …

A

alert system for neighboring cells, helps protect from infection, activates NK cells & macrophages

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18
Q

Innate/NonSpecific Protective protein complement system

A

group of 30+ proteins involved in resistance & adaptive immunity

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19
Q

4 functions/ Mechanism of complement include

A

Inflammation, Immune Clearance, Phagocytosis, Cytolysis

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20
Q

3 routes of Complement Activation

A

Classical , Alternative & Lectin pathways

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21
Q

Complement proteins cause mast cells and basophils

A

to secrete histamine, resulting in inflammation

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22
Q

Popular vasodilator

A

Histamine

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23
Q

Immune Clearance main principle

A

is to clear foreign antigens from blood

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24
Q

How does immune system work?

A

C3 binds to RBCs that travel to spleen where macrophages break off & eat up foreign antigens from blood stream

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25
Q

Phagocytosis is a process

A

that makes foreign cells more appetizing. complement binds to bacteria cell & macrophage will eat it up

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26
Q

Classical pathway requires

A

anti body presence

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27
Q

Steps of Classical pathway

A

Antibody-antigen complex forms, antibody changes shape, C1 binds to antibody to begin complement fixation

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28
Q

cell splitting and killing process is known as

A

cytolysis

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29
Q

complement proteins form ring in membrane of target cells causing cytolysis

A

MAC- membrane attack complex

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30
Q

Complement cannot

A

phagocytize itself

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31
Q

complement by itself

A

can kill cells

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32
Q

has ability to kill multi types of cells; releases perforins that perforate membrane

A

NK Cells

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33
Q

How NK cells operate as protective cells

A

Pokes hole in cell, secretes granzymes to kill cell from inside out, the macrophages comes clean up cell

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34
Q

Innate/ Non Specific/ Protective Processes include

A

Fever & inflammation

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35
Q

Abnormal elevation of body temperature that presents when fighting infection; promotes interferon activity

A

fever; febrile; pyrexia

36
Q

4 Cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Redness, Swelling, Pain, Heat

37
Q

Inflammation is caused by

A

release of cytokines (a protein that regulates immunity & inflammation)

38
Q

Inflammation prevents

A

spread of pathogens

39
Q

How does inflammation stop spread of pathogens?

A

Fibrin surrounds outside to contain infection; heparin stays inside to prevent clotting & to get blood cells and antibodies in

40
Q

Enemy of bacteria that accumulates at site of injury & quickly phagocytizes bacteria

A

Neutrophils

41
Q

Respiratory burst is when

A

neutrophils secrete “clorox” which “kills everything”

42
Q

Chemotaxis is

A

movement in response to chemicals

43
Q

diapedesis is

A

passage of blood through an intact vessel

44
Q

Adpative immunity is

A

HIGHLY SPECIFIC

45
Q

two forms of adapative immunity include

A

Cellular (t cells) & Humoral ( antibodies)

46
Q

How does Cellular Adaptive immunity work?

A

Lymphocytes directly attack foreign cells

47
Q

How does Humoral Adaptive immunity work?

A

It is mediated by antibodies, and the antibodies sets up pathogens to be destroyed by something else. (antibodies cannot kill cells)

48
Q

Humoral Adaptive Immunity only works

A

outside of cell/ extracellular pathogens

49
Q

Natural Active Immunity

A

standard response to infection; production of antibodies from natural exposure to antigen

50
Q

Artificial Active Immunity

A

production of antibodies as result of vaccine; induced

51
Q

Natural Passive

A

temporary immunity resulting from antibodies produced from another person (mama to fetus)

52
Q

Artificial passive

A

temp immunity from injection of antibodies from another persona/ animal. (snake bites, rabies)

53
Q

active immunity

A

body makes antibody/ immune response

54
Q

passive

A

we’re “passed”/ “given” antibody/ immune response

55
Q

antigen

A

anything that triggers an immune response

56
Q

Lymphocyte that is non specific/ innate

57
Q

Lymphocyte that is adaptive/ specific

A

T cells & B cells

58
Q

in order for T cell to recognize antigen

A

antigen must be presented with an MHC (major histocompatibility protein”

59
Q

Our bodies make T cell receptors and antibodies

60
Q

What happens if t cell receptors/ antibodies recognize self?

A

They will attack each other and result in autoimmune disease

61
Q

How are t cell/ antibody lymphocytes handled in early development?

A

These cells are either killed or put to sleep (energy)… hopefully they do not wake up :)

62
Q

What are Professional Antigen Presenting Cells?

A

These are presentation of antigens that originate OUTSIDE of the cell; ex: bacteria cells

63
Q

Examples of APCs

A

macrophages, B-cells, dendritic, reticular cells

64
Q

Cells that are capable of immune response in nucleated cells & their MHC protein

A

Cytotoxic T-cell, MHC-1; presentation of antigen that originates from within APC

65
Q

Cells that are capable of immune response in antigen presenting cells & their MHC protein

A

T-Helper cell; MHC-2; antigens that originate outside of APC

66
Q

Tcell+ Ag (antigen) =

67
Q

Tcell + Ag/MHC=

68
Q

Ab+Ag=

69
Q

What is being matching when searching for organ donor compatibility?

A

MHC proteins

70
Q

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)

A

KILLs cells/ similar to NK cells

71
Q

Helper T cells (CD4)

A

Activate immune system; releases cytokines and interleukins

72
Q

Regulatory Tcells (CD4)

A

inhibits/limits immune response

73
Q

Memory Tcells

A

memory in cellular immunity; triggered/fight when cells are reactivated

74
Q

How are antibodies involved in Humoral immunity?

A

B cells produce antibodies, which binds & tag antigens for later destruction

75
Q

Do antibodies require MHC to recognize antigens?

A

no, t cells receptors require MHC.

76
Q

How does the humoral immune response work

A

B cells have antibodies on their surface. Some turn into plasma cells, which secretes antibodies and allowed them to fulfill antibody mediated attack mechanisms.

77
Q

How many antibodies can plasma cells produce? what is their life span?

A

plasma cells can produce 2k per second & have 4-5 day lifespan

78
Q

Can antibodies kill cells?

79
Q

Antibody mediated attack mechanisms include

A

Neutralization, Complement fixation, Agglutination, Precipitation

80
Q

Where antibodies mask pathogenic portion of antigens

A

Neutralization

81
Q

antibodies bind to antigen, antibody changes its shape, complement binds to antibody resulting in protective mechanisms aka classical pathway

A

Complement fixation

82
Q

binding to multiple cells to immobilize them

A

aggulutination

83
Q

antibody antigen complex forming, precipitates to then be phagocytized or removed by immune clearance

A

precipitation

84
Q

How long until antibody response from initial exposure

85
Q

How long for antibody response once re exposed

A&P 2 (8 decks)

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