Respiratory System Flashcards
Cellular Respiration is how
cells breakdown glucose to make ATP
How do cells die? If cells die, do we stay alive?
Cells loose energy, resulting death. Cerebral cortex cells typicall die first
Comes from lungs, diffuses into blood
Oxygen
Diffuses from blood and comes out of lungs
Carbon Dioxide
Amount of gas produced by intestines daily
500 mL
Principal respiratory organs include
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
Respiratory system is a system of tubes that
send air to air lungs
Respiratory functions include
gas exchange, communication, olfaction, acid base balance, BP regulation, Blood and lymph flow, blood filtration, expulsion of abdominal contacts
Alveoli are specialized micro air sacs
where gas exchange occurs in lung
conducting division of respiratory system is
only for airflow
No gas exchange takes place in
conducting division
Conducting division starts at
nostrils through major bronchioles
Respiratory division has
alveoli and other gas exchange regions
Upper respiratory tract includes
head & neck, from nose through larynx
Lower respiratory tract
organs of thorax; trachea to lungs
Primary bronchi are
R and L Main Bronhci.
Objects tend to get lodged in aspiration in
R Bronchi, as its a straight shot from trachea
Bronchial tree consists of
primary bronchi, lobular (secondary) bronchi, segmental (tertiary) bronchi
Bronchopulmonary Segment
Portion of lung supplied by specific segmental bronchus and artery
Bronchi are lined with what type of cell?
Cililated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
pulmonary lobule
portion of lung ventilated by 1 bronchiole
small tubule that branch from bronchi into lungs
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles are
the end of conducting division
beginning of respiratory division
respiratory bronchioles
in alveolar exchange
there is gas exchange between inhaled air and blood
How many alveoli is in each lung?
150 million providing 70m of surface for gas exchange
what allows for rapid gas diffusion between alveolus and blood stream?
Sqaumous Type 1 alveolar cells
What secretes pulmonary surfactant
great type 2 alveolar cells
alveolar wall composed of
type 1 alveolar cells
alveolar wall layers
basement membrane, capillary endothelial cell ; both fused together
Where does gas exchange take place?
in lungs (via alveoli)
Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
keep alveoli free from debri
Why do lungs have more lymphatic drainage than any other organ in body?
So our lungs dont drown in our own fluids, also to allow easy exchange for gas
when alveolar walls get thicker and filled with fluid, this is . What respiratory tract does it effect?
pneumonia; lower respiratory tract
thinner alveolar walls, damaged alveoli, causes shortness of breath, COPD usually develops into
enphysema
Functions of pleurae include
relieves friction, creates pressure gradient, prevents spread of infection
serous membrane that covers lung
visceral pleurae
layer against chest wall
parietal pleurae
repetitive normal cycle of inhale + exhale
pulmonary breathing
one complete inhale and exhale
respiratory cycle
main muscle mover of respiration; increase volume of thorax
diaphragm
flow of air in and out of lungs depends on
pressure difference between air within lung and outside of the body
At rest, what breathing is automatic?
Eupnea/ quiet breathing
Inspiration and Expiration are synonymous for
Inhale and Exhale
the act of bearing down/ forceful exhalation in a closed airway
Valsava maneuver
Increases vol of thorax/ opens up chest; muscle of neck/ scalene make it work
Forced inspiartion
passive process achieved by elasticity of lungs & thoracic cage
normal quiet expiration
muscle of abdomen contract to pull abdominal organs upward against diaphragm
forced expiration
Does respiration require autorhythmic pacemakers like the heart?
No, we use muscles for respiration
Autonomic, unconscious breathing. controlled by 3 respiratory centers in medulla
VRG, DRG, PRG
primary generator of respiration; fires every 5 seconds
Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
modifies rate and depth of breathing
Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
Modifies rhythm of VRG
Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG)
Brain responds to changes in pH of cerebrospinal fluid
central chemoreceptors
pH is regulated by
Carbon Dioxide levels
Voluntary control of breathing originates
in frontal lobe of cerebrum
respond to O2 and CO2 content and the pH of blood
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
Is breathing autonomic?
No. Breathing is involuntary and autoMATIC
What limits voluntary control of breathing by raising CO2 levels where automatic breathing overrides one’s will?
Breaking Point
What drives respiration?
Atmospheric pressure
1 atmosphere is equivalent to
760 mmHG
Air flow proportional to
change in Pressure (deltaP)
Airflow inversely proportional
to Resistance
Boyle’s Law states, pressure of gas/liquid
inversely proportional to its volume. P inverse 1/V
Charles law says, as gas gets hotter
its volume increases
slightly negative pressure between 2 pleural layers
interpleural pressure
What keeps lungs open and from collapsing?
Interpleural Pressure
Two pleural layers cling together
due to cohesion of water
Why is water slightly sticky?
Due to hydrogen bonds
loss of negative intrapleural pressure allows
lungs to recoil & collapse
