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Anatomy > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the general function of the urinary system?

A

Maintain Homoeostasis

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2
Q

What’s the 7 specific functions of the urinary system?

A
  • Control of water balance
  • Control of pH
  • Control of electrolyte balance (removal of sodium)
  • Control of blood pressure (by the renin/angiotensin mechanism)
  • Control of erythropoiesis (red blood cell production)
  • Excretion of drugs and toxins
  • Excretion of nitrogenous waste products (urea, uric acid & creatinine)
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3
Q

What’s the anatomical structures of the urinary system?

A

2 Kidneys
2 Ureters
1 Urinary Bladder
1 Urethra

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4
Q

What’s the average kidney size?

A

11cm x 5cm x 3cm

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5
Q

What level does the kidney start and finish at?

A

Starts at T12 and ends at L3

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6
Q

What kidney is higher, left or right?

A

Left

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7
Q

What’s is the centre of the concavity of the kidney called?

A

Renal hilus

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8
Q

Name the 3 layers of the kidney

A 
Renal Capsule (Inner layer)
Adipose Capsule 
Renal Fascia (Outer layer)
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9
Q

What’s the name of the cortical substance found between the pyramids of kidneys?

A

Renal columns

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10
Q

What is the cortex of the kidney?

A

The surrounding area around the pyramids of the kidney

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11
Q

What are the 5-14 striated triangular structures called within kidneys?

A

Renal medullary pyramids

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12
Q

What’s the name of the structures attached to the Renal medullary pyramids?

A

Renal Pelvis

Renal Calyces

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13
Q

What’s the name of the combination of the renal cortex and the renal medullary pyramids?

A

Renal Parenchyma

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14
Q

Name the 3 parts to the ureter

A

Pelvis of ureter
Abdominal ureter
Pelvic ureter

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15
Q

How does urine from the kidney reach the bladder?

A

Peristalsis

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16
Q

Where and what is the Trigone?

A

Found within the urinary bladder and connects the right and left openings of the ureters

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17
Q

Where and what is the Urethral orifice?

A

Found within the urinary bladder and is where urine exits

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18
Q

Name the 3 layers of the Urinary bladder

A

Rugae of mucosa (Inner layer)
Detrusor muscle
Serosa (Outer layer)

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19
Q

What’s Dysuria?

A

Painful Urination

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20
Q

What’s Enuresis?

A

Bed Wetting

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21
Q

What’s Polyuria?

A

Excessive Urine Production

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22
Q

What’s Uraemia?

A

Toxic Levels of Urea in blood

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23
Q

What’s Haematuria?

A

Blood in the urine (this can visible or non-visible)

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24
Q

Name the parts of the Nephron

A 
Glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule (contains glomerulus)
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
25
Q

What part of the kidney is the Nephron found?

A

Mostly in the cortex of the kidney with the loop of Henle and the collecting duct extending down into the medulla

26
Q

What is the Glomerulus?

A

Knot of capillary loops which sits within the Bowman’s Capsule

27
Q

What does the Glomerulus and Bowman’s Capsule form?

A

Renal corpuscle

28
Q

How does blood enter the glomerulus?

A

Afferent arteriole

A – Arrives

29
Q

How does blood leave the glomerulus?

A

Efferent arteriole

E – Exit

30
Q

What’s the visceral layer of the glomerulus formed from?

A

Podocytes

31
Q

What are Podocytes?

A

Specialised epithelial cells which forms the viceral layer of the Glomerulus

32
Q

Name the two kinds of Nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons

Juxtamedullary nephrons

33
Q

What percentage of nephrons does Cortical nephrons represent?

A

Represents 85 percent of the nephrons in the kidney

34
Q

What percentage of nephrons does Juxtamedullary nephrons represent?

A

Represents 15 percent of the nephrons in the kidney

35
Q

Whats the difference between Cortical nephrons and Juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons have long nephron loops that descend deep into the renal medulla

36
Q

What’s the name of the capillaries which straddle the peritubular capillaries?

A

Vasa recta

37
Q

List the blood vessels supply within the kidneys?

A 
Renal Artery
Segmental Arteries
Interlobar Arteries
Arcuate Arteries
Interlobular Arteries
Afferent Arteries
Glomerular Capillaries
Efferent Arteries
Peritubular Capillaries
Interlobular Vein
Arcuate Vein
Interlobar Vein
Renal Vein
38
Q

List the blood vessels supply which is happening within the nephron within the kidneys?

A

Afferent Arteries
Glomerular Capillaries
Efferent Arterioles
Peritubular Capillaries

39
Q

What does GFR stand for?

A

Glomerular filtration rate

40
Q

Name the 2 systems which regulates GFR (glomerular filtration rate) and blood flow (pressure)

A

Renal autoregulation

Hormonal regulation

41
Q

What is Renal autoregulation?

A

Regulation of GFR and blood pressure within the kidneys

42
Q

What is Hormonal regulation?

A

Hormones released in the body affect the resistance levels within the arterioles which in turn increase or decrease blood flow

43
Q

What is GFR?

A

The amount of filtration which occurs in all the renal corpuscles of both kidneys every minute

44
Q

Name the types of Hormones involved in Hormonal regulation and their roles

A

Adrenaline & Angiotensin II -
Increase arteriole resistance, which decreases renal blood flow
—————————————————————————–
ANP & BNP -
Decrease arteriole resistance, which increases renal blood flow

45
Q

Name the mechanisms involved in Autoregulation and how they work

A

Myogenic mechanism - Smooth muscle which contracts when stretched

Tubuloglomerular mechanism - Macula Densa causes adensosine production to increase which causes afferent arterioles to vasoconstrict

46
Q

What does Congenital mean?

A

Present from birth

47
Q

Name types of CONGENITAL renal pathology

A

Aplasia
Hypoplasia
Fusion (Horseshoe kidney)
Agenesis

48
Q

Name types of CYSTIC renal pathology

A

Renal Cysts

Polycystic renal disease

49
Q

Name types of TUMOUR renal pathology

A

Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)
Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC)- Bladder
Papillary Adenoma
Angiomyolipoma (AML)

50
Q

Name types of INFLAMMATORY renal pathology

A

Pyelonephritis

Glomerulonephritis

51
Q

What is the scientific name of the kidney stone pathology?

A

Renal Calculi

52
Q

What is Hypoplasia and what category does it come under?

A

Loss of parenchyma

Congenital category

53
Q

What is Horseshoe Kidney and what category does it come under?

A

Fusion of both kidneys

Congenital category

54
Q

What is Aplasia and what category does it come under?

A

When an organ, limb, or other body part does not develop

Congenital category

55
Q

What is Agenesis and what category does it come under?

A

Complete absence of an organ or lack of specific cells

Congenital category

56
Q

What is Papillary Adenoma and what category does it come under?

A

Benign kidney tumor

Tumour category

57
Q

What is Angiomyolipoma and what category does it come under?

A

Solid renal tumor composed of fat, muscle and blood vessels

Tumour category

58
Q

What is Renal cell carcinoma and what category does it come under?

A

Malignant renal tumour

Tumour category

59
Q

What is Nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumour) and what category does it come under?

A

Malignant Renal Tumour which occurs mainly in children

Tumour category

Anatomy (10 decks)

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