Urinary System

Question 1

What’s the general function of the urinary system?

Answer 1

Maintain Homoeostasis

Question 2

What’s the 7 specific functions of the urinary system?

Answer 2

• Control of water balance
• Control of pH
• Control of electrolyte balance (removal of sodium)
• Control of blood pressure (by the renin/angiotensin mechanism)
• Control of erythropoiesis (red blood cell production)
• Excretion of drugs and toxins
• Excretion of nitrogenous waste products (urea, uric acid & creatinine)

Question 3

What’s the anatomical structures of the urinary system?

Answer 3

2 Kidneys
2 Ureters
1 Urinary Bladder
1 Urethra

Question 4

What’s the average kidney size?

Answer 4

11cm x 5cm x 3cm

Question 5

What level does the kidney start and finish at?

Answer 5

Starts at T12 and ends at L3

Question 6

What kidney is higher, left or right?

Answer 6

Left

Question 7

What’s is the centre of the concavity of the kidney called?

Answer 7

Renal hilus

Question 8

Name the 3 layers of the kidney

Answer 8

Renal Capsule (Inner layer)
Adipose Capsule 
Renal Fascia (Outer layer)

Question 9

What’s the name of the cortical substance found between the pyramids of kidneys?

Answer 9

Renal columns

Question 10

What is the cortex of the kidney?

Answer 10

The surrounding area around the pyramids of the kidney

Question 11

What are the 5-14 striated triangular structures called within kidneys?

Answer 11

Renal medullary pyramids

Question 12

What’s the name of the structures attached to the Renal medullary pyramids?

Answer 12

Renal Pelvis

Renal Calyces

Question 13

What’s the name of the combination of the renal cortex and the renal medullary pyramids?

Answer 13

Renal Parenchyma

Question 14

Name the 3 parts to the ureter

Answer 14

Pelvis of ureter
Abdominal ureter
Pelvic ureter

Question 15

How does urine from the kidney reach the bladder?

Answer 15

Peristalsis

Question 16

Where and what is the Trigone?

Answer 16

Found within the urinary bladder and connects the right and left openings of the ureters

Question 17

Where and what is the Urethral orifice?

Answer 17

Found within the urinary bladder and is where urine exits

Question 18

Name the 3 layers of the Urinary bladder

Answer 18

Rugae of mucosa (Inner layer)
Detrusor muscle
Serosa (Outer layer)

Question 19

What’s Dysuria?

Answer 19

Painful Urination

Question 20

What’s Enuresis?

Answer 20

Bed Wetting

Question 21

What’s Polyuria?

Answer 21

Excessive Urine Production

Question 22

What’s Uraemia?

Answer 22

Toxic Levels of Urea in blood

Question 23

What’s Haematuria?

Answer 23

Blood in the urine (this can visible or non-visible)

Question 24

Name the parts of the Nephron

Answer 24

Glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule (contains glomerulus)
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct

Question 25

What part of the kidney is the Nephron found?

Answer 25

Mostly in the cortex of the kidney with the loop of Henle and the collecting duct extending down into the medulla

Question 26

What is the Glomerulus?

Answer 26

Knot of capillary loops which sits within the Bowman’s Capsule

Question 27

What does the Glomerulus and Bowman’s Capsule form?

Answer 27

Renal corpuscle

Question 28

How does blood enter the glomerulus?

Answer 28

Afferent arteriole | A – Arrives

Question 29

How does blood leave the glomerulus?

Answer 29

Efferent arteriole | E – Exit

Question 30

What's the visceral layer of the glomerulus formed from?

Answer 30

Podocytes

Question 31

What are Podocytes?

Answer 31

Specialised epithelial cells which forms the viceral layer of the Glomerulus

Question 32

Name the two kinds of Nephrons?

Answer 32

Cortical nephrons | Juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 33

What percentage of nephrons does Cortical nephrons represent?

Answer 33

Represents 85 percent of the nephrons in the kidney

Question 34

What percentage of nephrons does Juxtamedullary nephrons represent?

Answer 34

Represents 15 percent of the nephrons in the kidney

Question 35

Whats the difference between Cortical nephrons and Juxtamedullary nephrons?

Answer 35

Juxtamedullary nephrons have long nephron loops that descend deep into the renal medulla

Question 36

What's the name of the capillaries which straddle the peritubular capillaries?

Answer 36

Vasa recta

Question 37

List the blood vessels supply within the kidneys?

Answer 37

``` Renal Artery Segmental Arteries Interlobar Arteries Arcuate Arteries Interlobular Arteries Afferent Arteries Glomerular Capillaries Efferent Arteries Peritubular Capillaries Interlobular Vein Arcuate Vein Interlobar Vein Renal Vein ```

Question 38

List the blood vessels supply which is happening within the nephron within the kidneys?

Answer 38

Afferent Arteries Glomerular Capillaries Efferent Arterioles Peritubular Capillaries

Question 39

What does GFR stand for?

Answer 39

Glomerular filtration rate

Question 40

Name the 2 systems which regulates GFR (glomerular filtration rate) and blood flow (pressure)

Answer 40

Renal autoregulation | Hormonal regulation

Question 41

What is Renal autoregulation?

Answer 41

Regulation of GFR and blood pressure within the kidneys

Question 42

What is Hormonal regulation?

Answer 42

Hormones released in the body affect the resistance levels within the arterioles which in turn increase or decrease blood flow

Question 43

What is GFR?

Answer 43

The amount of filtration which occurs in all the renal corpuscles of both kidneys every minute

Question 44

Name the types of Hormones involved in Hormonal regulation and their roles

Answer 44

Adrenaline & Angiotensin II - Increase arteriole resistance, which decreases renal blood flow ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ANP & BNP - Decrease arteriole resistance, which increases renal blood flow

Question 45

Name the mechanisms involved in Autoregulation and how they work

Answer 45

Myogenic mechanism - Smooth muscle which contracts when stretched Tubuloglomerular mechanism - Macula Densa causes adensosine production to increase which causes afferent arterioles to vasoconstrict

Question 46

What does Congenital mean?

Answer 46

Present from birth

Question 47

Name types of CONGENITAL renal pathology

Answer 47

Aplasia Hypoplasia Fusion (Horseshoe kidney) Agenesis

Question 48

Name types of CYSTIC renal pathology

Answer 48

Renal Cysts | Polycystic renal disease

Question 49

Name types of TUMOUR renal pathology

Answer 49

Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC)- Bladder Papillary Adenoma Angiomyolipoma (AML)

Question 50

Name types of INFLAMMATORY renal pathology

Answer 50

Pyelonephritis | Glomerulonephritis

Question 51

What is the scientific name of the kidney stone pathology?

Answer 51

Renal Calculi

Question 52

What is Hypoplasia and what category does it come under?

Answer 52

Loss of parenchyma Congenital category

Question 53

What is Horseshoe Kidney and what category does it come under?

Answer 53

Fusion of both kidneys Congenital category

Question 54

What is Aplasia and what category does it come under?

Answer 54

When an organ, limb, or other body part does not develop Congenital category

Question 55

What is Agenesis and what category does it come under?

Answer 55

Complete absence of an organ or lack of specific cells Congenital category

Question 56

What is Papillary Adenoma and what category does it come under?

Answer 56

Benign kidney tumor Tumour category

Question 57

What is Angiomyolipoma and what category does it come under?

Answer 57

Solid renal tumor composed of fat, muscle and blood vessels Tumour category

Question 58

What is Renal cell carcinoma and what category does it come under?

Answer 58

Malignant renal tumour Tumour category

Question 59

What is Nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumour) and what category does it come under?

Answer 59

Malignant Renal Tumour which occurs mainly in children Tumour category