Urinary System Flashcards
What’s the general function of the urinary system?
Maintain Homoeostasis
What’s the 7 specific functions of the urinary system?
- Control of water balance
- Control of pH
- Control of electrolyte balance (removal of sodium)
- Control of blood pressure (by the renin/angiotensin mechanism)
- Control of erythropoiesis (red blood cell production)
- Excretion of drugs and toxins
- Excretion of nitrogenous waste products (urea, uric acid & creatinine)
What’s the anatomical structures of the urinary system?
2 Kidneys
2 Ureters
1 Urinary Bladder
1 Urethra
What’s the average kidney size?
11cm x 5cm x 3cm
What level does the kidney start and finish at?
Starts at T12 and ends at L3
What kidney is higher, left or right?
Left
What’s is the centre of the concavity of the kidney called?
Renal hilus
Name the 3 layers of the kidney
Renal Capsule (Inner layer) Adipose Capsule Renal Fascia (Outer layer)
What’s the name of the cortical substance found between the pyramids of kidneys?
Renal columns
What is the cortex of the kidney?
The surrounding area around the pyramids of the kidney
What are the 5-14 striated triangular structures called within kidneys?
Renal medullary pyramids
What’s the name of the structures attached to the Renal medullary pyramids?
Renal Pelvis
Renal Calyces
What’s the name of the combination of the renal cortex and the renal medullary pyramids?
Renal Parenchyma
Name the 3 parts to the ureter
Pelvis of ureter
Abdominal ureter
Pelvic ureter
How does urine from the kidney reach the bladder?
Peristalsis
Where and what is the Trigone?
Found within the urinary bladder and connects the right and left openings of the ureters
Where and what is the Urethral orifice?
Found within the urinary bladder and is where urine exits
Name the 3 layers of the Urinary bladder
Rugae of mucosa (Inner layer)
Detrusor muscle
Serosa (Outer layer)
What’s Dysuria?
Painful Urination
What’s Enuresis?
Bed Wetting
What’s Polyuria?
Excessive Urine Production
What’s Uraemia?
Toxic Levels of Urea in blood
What’s Haematuria?
Blood in the urine (this can visible or non-visible)
Name the parts of the Nephron
Glomerulus Bowman’s capsule (contains glomerulus) Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct
What part of the kidney is the Nephron found?
Mostly in the cortex of the kidney with the loop of Henle and the collecting duct extending down into the medulla
What is the Glomerulus?
Knot of capillary loops which sits within the Bowman’s Capsule
What does the Glomerulus and Bowman’s Capsule form?
Renal corpuscle
How does blood enter the glomerulus?
Afferent arteriole
A – Arrives
How does blood leave the glomerulus?
Efferent arteriole
E – Exit
What’s the visceral layer of the glomerulus formed from?
Podocytes
What are Podocytes?
Specialised epithelial cells which forms the viceral layer of the Glomerulus
Name the two kinds of Nephrons?
Cortical nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephrons
What percentage of nephrons does Cortical nephrons represent?
Represents 85 percent of the nephrons in the kidney
What percentage of nephrons does Juxtamedullary nephrons represent?
Represents 15 percent of the nephrons in the kidney
Whats the difference between Cortical nephrons and Juxtamedullary nephrons?
Juxtamedullary nephrons have long nephron loops that descend deep into the renal medulla
What’s the name of the capillaries which straddle the peritubular capillaries?
Vasa recta
List the blood vessels supply within the kidneys?
Renal Artery Segmental Arteries Interlobar Arteries Arcuate Arteries Interlobular Arteries Afferent Arteries Glomerular Capillaries Efferent Arteries Peritubular Capillaries Interlobular Vein Arcuate Vein Interlobar Vein Renal Vein
List the blood vessels supply which is happening within the nephron within the kidneys?
Afferent Arteries
Glomerular Capillaries
Efferent Arterioles
Peritubular Capillaries
What does GFR stand for?
Glomerular filtration rate
Name the 2 systems which regulates GFR (glomerular filtration rate) and blood flow (pressure)
Renal autoregulation
Hormonal regulation
What is Renal autoregulation?
Regulation of GFR and blood pressure within the kidneys
What is Hormonal regulation?
Hormones released in the body affect the resistance levels within the arterioles which in turn increase or decrease blood flow
What is GFR?
The amount of filtration which occurs in all the renal corpuscles of both kidneys every minute
Name the types of Hormones involved in Hormonal regulation and their roles
Adrenaline & Angiotensin II -
Increase arteriole resistance, which decreases renal blood flow
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ANP & BNP -
Decrease arteriole resistance, which increases renal blood flow
Name the mechanisms involved in Autoregulation and how they work
Myogenic mechanism - Smooth muscle which contracts when stretched
Tubuloglomerular mechanism - Macula Densa causes adensosine production to increase which causes afferent arterioles to vasoconstrict
What does Congenital mean?
Present from birth
Name types of CONGENITAL renal pathology
Aplasia
Hypoplasia
Fusion (Horseshoe kidney)
Agenesis
Name types of CYSTIC renal pathology
Renal Cysts
Polycystic renal disease
Name types of TUMOUR renal pathology
Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)
Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC)- Bladder
Papillary Adenoma
Angiomyolipoma (AML)
Name types of INFLAMMATORY renal pathology
Pyelonephritis
Glomerulonephritis
What is the scientific name of the kidney stone pathology?
Renal Calculi
What is Hypoplasia and what category does it come under?
Loss of parenchyma
Congenital category
What is Horseshoe Kidney and what category does it come under?
Fusion of both kidneys
Congenital category
What is Aplasia and what category does it come under?
When an organ, limb, or other body part does not develop
Congenital category
What is Agenesis and what category does it come under?
Complete absence of an organ or lack of specific cells
Congenital category
What is Papillary Adenoma and what category does it come under?
Benign kidney tumor
Tumour category
What is Angiomyolipoma and what category does it come under?
Solid renal tumor composed of fat, muscle and blood vessels
Tumour category
What is Renal cell carcinoma and what category does it come under?
Malignant renal tumour
Tumour category
What is Nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumour) and what category does it come under?
Malignant Renal Tumour which occurs mainly in children
Tumour category
