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Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the function of the respiratory system?

A

To provide oxygen (O2) to the body and remove waste products such as carbon dioxide (CO2).

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2
Q

What’s the Respiratory system made of?

A 
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Primary bronchi
Lungs
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3
Q

What’s the UPPER Respiratory system made of?

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

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4
Q

What’s the LOWER Respiratory system made of?

A

Trachea
Primary bronchi
Lungs

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5
Q

What’s the nasal cavity made out of?

A

Lined with ciliated columnar epithelium which contain mucous-secreting cells goblet cells

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6
Q

What does Cilia do?

A

The cilia waft loose mucous/particles to the throat.

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7
Q

What’s the 3 functions of the nasal cavity?

A
  1. Warming air
  2. Filtration
  3. Humidification
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8
Q

How long is the Pharynx?

A

12-14cm

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9
Q

What’s the subdivisions of the Pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx,
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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10
Q

What’s the Nasopharynx made from?

A

Simple Columnar epithelium

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11
Q

What’s the Oropharynx made from?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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12
Q

What’s the Laryngopharynx made from?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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13
Q

What is the Larynx?

A

Voice box

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14
Q

What two places is the Larynx attached too?

A

Laryngopharynx

Trachea

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15
Q

At what level does the larynx start and finish at?

A

C3 to C6

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16
Q

How many different pieces of cartilage is the larynx made from?

A

5

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17
Q

Name the 5 pieces of cartilage the Larynx is made out of

A 
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
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18
Q

How long is the trachea?

A

10-12cm long

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19
Q

At what level does the trachea bifurcate at the carina?

A

T4

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20
Q

Which is more anterior, the Trachea or Oesophagus?

A

Trachea

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21
Q

Name the layers of the trachea

A

Mucosa membrane
Submucosa layer
Hyaline cartilage ring
Tracheal adventita

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22
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

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23
Q

Which lung is smaller?

A

left

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24
Q

What is the Hilar region?

A

Point where the bronchus, pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins enter / exit the lung.

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25
Name the two layers of the lung
Viceral layer | Parietal layer
26
Name the divides of the trachea
``` Trachea Primary bronchi Secondary lobar bronchi Terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles ```
27
What's another name for Terminal bronchioles
Tertiary bronchi
28
How long is the right primary brochi?
2.5cm
29
How long is the left primary brochi?
5cm
30
What bronchi is more likely to become obstructed?
Right primary bronchi
31
How many secondary lobar bronchi does the RIGHT primary bronchi divide into?
3
32
How many secondary lobar bronchi does the LEFT primary bronchi divide into?
2
33
Name 3 features the Trachea and Bronchi both made from?
Rings of cartilage Fibrous elastic tissue Ciliated columnar epithelium
34
As bronchi become smaller and smaller into bronchioles what is changed about there structure?
Cartilage rings becomes smaller and eventually replaced by smooth muscle Ciliated columnar epithelium is gradually replaced with nonciliated epithelium and without mucus-secreting goblet cells
35
What is Alveoli made from?
Single layer of simple squamous epithelium
36
Are external intercostal muscles used in expiration or inspiration?
Inspiration
37
Are internal intercostal muscles used in expiration or inspiration?
Expiration
38
What is Internal respiration?
Exchange of gases by diffusion between blood and body cells
39
What is External respiration?
Exchange of gases by diffusion between the alveoli and blood
40
Describe External respiration
Between blood and alveoli Blood arriving has a low concentration of O2 and high concentration of CO2, both gases diffuse through the alveolar membrane until equilibrium is achieved
41
Describe Internal respiration
Blood is enriched with O2 when it arrives at body cells and therefore has a higher concentration of O2 than within the cells which creates a pressure gradient for respiration to occur
42
What is responsible for activating different groups of neurons which control and regulate respiration?
Respiratory centre (within the brain)
43
What 2 regions can the respiratory centre be divided into?
Medullary Respiratory Centre | Pontine respiratory group
44
What subdivision groups is the Medullary Respiratory Centre resposible for?
Dorsal (Inspiratory) respiratory group | Ventral (Expiratory) respiratory group
45
What is the Pontine respiratory group resposible for?
Pneumotaxic respiratory group
46
What is the Pneumotaxic respiratory group responsible for?
Regulates rate and depth of breathes
47
What is the Dorsal respiratory group responsible for?
Regulates inspiration
48
What is the Ventral respiratory group responsible for?
Regulates expiration
49
How does the signal from the Dorsal respiratory group reach the diaphragm and intercostal muscles?
Phrenic and intercostal nerves
50
What vicera/muscles does the Dorsal respiratory group control?
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
51
What vicera/muscles does the Ventral respiratory group control?
Activates the accessory muscles when needed during forceful inhalation and exhalation
52
How does the Ventral respiratory group work?
During forceful inhalation the dorsal group sends impulses to the ventral group to stimulate the accessory muscles
53
When does the Dorsal respiratory group relax?
During exhalation
54
When is the Pontine group active?
Active during both inhalation and exhalation.
55
How does the Pontin group work?
Sends nervous impulses to the dorsal group to control breathing depth
56
During normal quiet breathing which respiratory group is active?
Dorsal respiratory centre
57
What cells respond to changes in O2 and CO2 pressure in the blood ad cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and also influence rate of breathing?
Chemoreceptors
58
Name the 2 types of Chemoreceptors
Central chemoreceptors | Peripheral chemoreceptors
59
Where are the Central chemoreceptors located?
Located on the surface of the medulla oblongata and are covered with cerebral spinal fluid
60
How do Central chemoreceptors work?
Chemoreceptors detect rises in arterial CO2 pressure which also raises the CO2 pressure within the CSF, the chemoreceptors detect this and respond by stimulating the respiratory centre to increase ventilation and therefore decreasing arterial CO2 pressure.
61
Where are the Peripheral chemoreceptors located?
Located within the aortic arch and carotid arteries
62
How do Peripheral chemoreceptors work?
Peripheral chemoreceptors detect rises in arterial CO2 pressure which also raises the CO2 pressure within the CSF, the Peripheral chemoreceptors detect this and respond by stimulating the respiratory centre to increase ventilation and therefore decreasing arterial CO2 pressure.
63
What nerves does the Peripheral and Central chemoreceptors use to stimulate the respiratory centre?
Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves
64
What does the Peripheral chemoreceptors also detect increases in?
Increases in blood acidity
65
What does Simple squamous epithelium cover?
Air sacs of the lungs Lining of the heart Blood vessels Lymphatic vessels
66
What does Stratified squamous epithelium cover?
``` Oesophagus Mouth Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Vagina ```
67
What does Simple cuboidal epithelium cover?
Ducts Secretory portions of small glands Kidney tubules
68
What does Stratified cuboidal epithelium cover?
Glands
69
What does Simple columnar epithelium cover?
Bronchi Uterine tubes Uterus Urinary bladder
70
What does Stratified columnar epithelium cover?
Urethra | Ducts of some glands
71
What does Pseudostratified columnar epithelium cover?
Trachea | Upper respiratory tract
72
What does Transitional epithelium cover?
Bladder Urethra Ureters

Anatomy (10 decks)

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