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Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the function of the respiratory system?

A

To provide oxygen (O2) to the body and remove waste products such as carbon dioxide (CO2).

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2
Q

What’s the Respiratory system made of?

A 
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Primary bronchi
Lungs
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3
Q

What’s the UPPER Respiratory system made of?

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

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4
Q

What’s the LOWER Respiratory system made of?

A

Trachea
Primary bronchi
Lungs

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5
Q

What’s the nasal cavity made out of?

A

Lined with ciliated columnar epithelium which contain mucous-secreting cells goblet cells

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6
Q

What does Cilia do?

A

The cilia waft loose mucous/particles to the throat.

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7
Q

What’s the 3 functions of the nasal cavity?

A
  1. Warming air
  2. Filtration
  3. Humidification
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8
Q

How long is the Pharynx?

A

12-14cm

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9
Q

What’s the subdivisions of the Pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx,
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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10
Q

What’s the Nasopharynx made from?

A

Simple Columnar epithelium

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11
Q

What’s the Oropharynx made from?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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12
Q

What’s the Laryngopharynx made from?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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13
Q

What is the Larynx?

A

Voice box

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14
Q

What two places is the Larynx attached too?

A

Laryngopharynx

Trachea

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15
Q

At what level does the larynx start and finish at?

A

C3 to C6

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16
Q

How many different pieces of cartilage is the larynx made from?

A

5

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17
Q

Name the 5 pieces of cartilage the Larynx is made out of

A 
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
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18
Q

How long is the trachea?

A

10-12cm long

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19
Q

At what level does the trachea bifurcate at the carina?

A

T4

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20
Q

Which is more anterior, the Trachea or Oesophagus?

A

Trachea

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21
Q

Name the layers of the trachea

A

Mucosa membrane
Submucosa layer
Hyaline cartilage ring
Tracheal adventita

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22
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

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23
Q

Which lung is smaller?

A

left

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24
Q

What is the Hilar region?

A

Point where the bronchus, pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins enter / exit the lung.

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25
Q

Name the two layers of the lung

A

Viceral layer

Parietal layer

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26
Q

Name the divides of the trachea

A 
Trachea
Primary bronchi
Secondary lobar bronchi
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
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27
Q

What’s another name for Terminal bronchioles

A

Tertiary bronchi

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28
Q

How long is the right primary brochi?

A

2.5cm

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29
Q

How long is the left primary brochi?

30
Q

What bronchi is more likely to become obstructed?

A

Right primary bronchi

31
Q

How many secondary lobar bronchi does the RIGHT primary bronchi divide into?

32
Q

How many secondary lobar bronchi does the LEFT primary bronchi divide into?

33
Q

Name 3 features the Trachea and Bronchi both made from?

A

Rings of cartilage
Fibrous elastic tissue
Ciliated columnar epithelium

34
Q

As bronchi become smaller and smaller into bronchioles what is changed about there structure?

A

Cartilage rings becomes smaller and eventually replaced by smooth muscle

Ciliated columnar epithelium is gradually replaced with nonciliated epithelium and without mucus-secreting goblet cells

35
Q

What is Alveoli made from?

A

Single layer of simple squamous epithelium

36
Q

Are external intercostal muscles used in expiration or inspiration?

A

Inspiration

37
Q

Are internal intercostal muscles used in expiration or inspiration?

A

Expiration

38
Q

What is Internal respiration?

A

Exchange of gases by diffusion between blood and body cells

39
Q

What is External respiration?

A

Exchange of gases by diffusion between the alveoli and blood

40
Q

Describe External respiration

A

Between blood and alveoli

Blood arriving has a low concentration of O2 and high concentration of CO2, both gases diffuse through the alveolar membrane until equilibrium is achieved

41
Q

Describe Internal respiration

A

Blood is enriched with O2 when it arrives at body cells and therefore has a higher concentration of O2 than within the cells which creates a pressure gradient for
respiration to occur

42
Q

What is responsible for activating different groups of neurons which control and regulate respiration?

A

Respiratory centre (within the brain)

43
Q

What 2 regions can the respiratory centre be divided into?

A

Medullary Respiratory Centre

Pontine respiratory group

44
Q

What subdivision groups is the Medullary Respiratory Centre resposible for?

A

Dorsal (Inspiratory) respiratory group

Ventral (Expiratory) respiratory group

45
Q

What is the Pontine respiratory group resposible for?

A

Pneumotaxic respiratory group

46
Q

What is the Pneumotaxic respiratory group responsible for?

A

Regulates rate and depth of breathes

47
Q

What is the Dorsal respiratory group responsible for?

A

Regulates inspiration

48
Q

What is the Ventral respiratory group responsible for?

A

Regulates expiration

49
Q

How does the signal from the Dorsal respiratory group reach the diaphragm and intercostal muscles?

A

Phrenic and intercostal nerves

50
Q

What vicera/muscles does the Dorsal respiratory group control?

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles

51
Q

What vicera/muscles does the Ventral respiratory group control?

A

Activates the accessory muscles when needed during forceful inhalation and exhalation

52
Q

How does the Ventral respiratory group work?

A

During forceful inhalation the dorsal group sends impulses to the ventral group to stimulate the accessory muscles

53
Q

When does the Dorsal respiratory group relax?

A

During exhalation

54
Q

When is the Pontine group active?

A

Active during both inhalation and exhalation.

55
Q

How does the Pontin group work?

A

Sends nervous impulses to the dorsal group to control breathing depth

56
Q

During normal quiet breathing which respiratory group is active?

A

Dorsal respiratory centre

57
Q

What cells respond to changes in O2 and CO2 pressure in the blood ad cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and also influence rate of breathing?

A

Chemoreceptors

58
Q

Name the 2 types of Chemoreceptors

A

Central chemoreceptors

Peripheral chemoreceptors

59
Q

Where are the Central chemoreceptors located?

A

Located on the surface of the medulla oblongata and are covered with cerebral spinal fluid

60
Q

How do Central chemoreceptors work?

A

Chemoreceptors detect rises in arterial CO2 pressure which also raises the CO2 pressure within the CSF, the chemoreceptors detect this and respond by stimulating the respiratory centre to increase ventilation and therefore decreasing arterial CO2 pressure.

61
Q

Where are the Peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

Located within the aortic arch and carotid arteries

62
Q

How do Peripheral chemoreceptors work?

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors detect rises in arterial CO2 pressure which also raises the CO2 pressure within the CSF, the Peripheral chemoreceptors detect this and respond by stimulating the respiratory centre to increase ventilation and therefore decreasing arterial CO2 pressure.

63
Q

What nerves does the Peripheral and Central chemoreceptors use to stimulate the respiratory centre?

A

Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

64
Q

What does the Peripheral chemoreceptors also detect increases in?

A

Increases in blood acidity

65
Q

What does Simple squamous epithelium cover?

A

Air sacs of the lungs
Lining of the heart
Blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels

66
Q

What does Stratified squamous epithelium cover?

A 
Oesophagus
Mouth
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Vagina
67
Q

What does Simple cuboidal epithelium cover?

A

Ducts
Secretory portions of small glands
Kidney tubules

68
Q

What does Stratified cuboidal epithelium cover?

69
Q

What does Simple columnar epithelium cover?

A

Bronchi
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Urinary bladder

70
Q

What does Stratified columnar epithelium cover?

A

Urethra

Ducts of some glands

71
Q

What does Pseudostratified columnar epithelium cover?

A

Trachea

Upper respiratory tract

72
Q

What does Transitional epithelium cover?

A

Bladder
Urethra
Ureters

Anatomy (10 decks)

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