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Biol > Urinary System 1 > Flashcards

Urinary System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gross anatomy on the urinary system? And it’s basic function?

A

Kidneys (2) = FILTER
Ureter (2) = TRANSPORT
Urinary Bladder (1)
= STORAGE
URETHRA (1)
= EMPTY THE BLADDER

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2
Q

What is the kidney’s first function?
(4 sub-functions of this)

A

Filtration of Blood
- Filters metabolic
Waste
->Excretory
(excretes waste & metabolites of drugs)
- Control pH by excretion of H+/ HCO3-
- Filters Ions
( Na+, K+, Cl-, PO4-)

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3
Q

What is the Kidney’s 2nd & 3rd function?

A
  1. Reabsorption of vital nutrients lost to filtration
    (shouldn’t have to reabsorb proteins + formed elements bc shouldn’t be able to pass fenestrated capillaries)
  2. Tubular Secretion:
    - Fine tuning (blood) according to Body’s Needs
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4
Q

What is the Kidney’s Endocrine function?

A
  1. Producing Erythropoietin & stimulating erythropoiesis when [O2] low
  2. Producing Renin which converts angiotensinogen to Angiotesin 1
  3. Activation of Vitamin D which contributes to Calcium absorption
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5
Q

What other body systems does the urinary system cooperate with?

A
  1. Respiratory system for pH regulation
  2. Digestive System w/ Ca(2+) Absorption
  3. Cardiovascular system w/ regulating BP
  4. Integumentary System w/ Vitamin D absorption
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6
Q

Where are the kidneys located? What are the 3 surrounding structures?

A
  • Retroperitoneal
  • @ Costoverterbral Angle
    3 Surrounding Structures:
    1. Renal Capsule
      • on surface of kidney
        to protect against
        infection
        1. Adipose Capsule
      • fat surrounding the
        kidney
      • cushion to protect
        from trauma
        1. Renal Fascia
      • C.T. anchoring the
        surrounding tissues
        & abdominal wall
      • Envelopes the entire
        kidney and the
        adrenal gland
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7
Q

What are some gross anatomy of the kidney?

A

Renal Capsule
Renal Cortex (filtration)
Renal Columns (extensions of the cortex)
Renal Medulla
Renal Pyramids
Renal Papilla
Minor Calyx (Calyces)
Major Calyx (Calyces)
Renal Pelvis
Hilus Ureter

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8
Q

What is lobe of kidney?

A

Renal Pyramid + half of renal columns adjacent + cortex extending superficially

≈ 8 lobes per kidney

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9
Q

Whats the function of the cortex and medulla of kidney?

A

Filtration = Cortex

Reabsorption +Tubular Secreation =
Cortex + Medulla

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10
Q

How much of the blood supply goes through the kidney?

A

25% of Cardiac Output (CO)

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11
Q

What is the artery blood supply of kidney to the capillaries?

A

Renal Artery
↓
Segmental Arteries
( ≈ 4-5 divisions)
↓
Interlobar Arteries
(renal columns)
↓
Arcuate Arteries
(@ corticomedullary junction)
↓
Cortical Radiate Arteries
Interlobular Arteries
(radiate in cortex)
↓
(3 w/in renal corpuscle)
Afferent Arteriole
↓
Glomerulus
↓
Efferent Arteriole
↓
Capillaries:
–> Peritubular Capillaries
(around PCT & DCT)

–> Vasa Recta Capillaries
(straight- loop of henle)

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12
Q

Renal drainage from capillaries to inferior vena cava?

A

Capillaries:
Peritubular
Vasa Recta
↓
Cortical Radiate Veins
Interlobular Veins
↓
Arcuate Veins
↓
Interlobar Veins
↓
Renal Veins
↓
Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)

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13
Q

Components of Nephron & function

A

Renal Corpuscle = filtration

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
= reabsorption

Descending limb
(thin segment)
Loop of Henle
Ascending limb
(thick segment)

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
= reabsorption

Collecting Duct
= reabsorption
= tubular secretion

Papillary Duct
2 renal papilla

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14
Q

What is NFP? What are its compenents?

A

Net Filtration Pressure
- Made of favorable & opposing pressures

Favorable = Glomerular Pressure 55mmHg

Opposing=
1. Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure 15 mmHg

  1. Colloid Osmotic Pressure 30mmHg
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15
Q

What is Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)?

A

Capsular Hydrostatic pressure is the the pressure caused by the the inelastic parietal layer of the glomerular capsule pushing back on the glomerular pressure
= 15mmHg

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16
Q

What is Colloid Osmotic Pressure (COP)?

A

The opposing pressure to the golmerular pressure caused by the proteins called albumens working like sponges to hold fluid in circulation & prevent leaving into the filtrate.
=30mmHg

17
Q

How do you calculate NFP?

A

Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) = GP - (CHP + COP)

NFP = 55 - (15 + 30)
NFP = 10 mmHg

18
Q

What are the 3 ways to regulate filtration?

A
  1. Renal Autoregulation
  2. Neuronal
  3. Hormonal
    = Renin- Angiotensin-Mechanism
19
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of renal auto regulation for regulation of filtration? What structure does is involve?

A

A) Myogenic Mechanism
- afferent arteriole
- stretch
- inflow
B) Tubuloglomerular Feedback
- juxtaglomerular apparatus
- filtration & flow
- Reabsorption (inverse regulation w/ filtration)
- macula densa detect conc of ions in DCT
- macula densa produce or w/hold ATP to cause contriction or dilation of afferent arteriole
- effect flow

20
Q

What are the 2 ways of neuronal regulation of filtration? What structures, neutransmitters, and effect involved?

A
  1. Sympathetic NS
    - norepinephrine
    –>vasoconstriction
    - afferent arteriole
    - decreased ↓ GFR
    - ↓ Diuresis
  2. Parasympathetic NS
    - acetylcholine
    –> vasodilation
    - afferent arteriole
    - increased ↑ GFR
    - ↑ Diuresis
21
Q

What is the hormonal mechanism for regulation of filtration?
What is the stimuli and steps of the mechanism?
What are the 3 effects?

A

Renin- Angiotensin- Aldosterone Mechanism

↑ BP picked up by the juxtaglomerular apparatus on th the kidney

Renin converts angiotensinogen (produced by liver) into Angiotensin I

Angiotensin I is converted into ACE in Lungs

3 Effects of Angiotensin II:
1) Stimulated the adrenal cortex to produce Aldosterone which increases the Na+ reabsorption from the nephrone which ↑ blood vol & BP

2) Vasoconstricts the efferent arteriole of renal corpuscle => ↑ GP

3) Stimulates release of ADH from posterior pitutary gland which will increase H2O reabsorption in the DCT increased BP

  • All 3 effects increase BP => glomerular pressure
22
Q

What is the PCT lined with?
What is the function of the PCT?
3 methods of doing this?

A

simple cubiodal w/ microvilli

= Reabsorption of nutrients

  1. Active transport of Na+ (90% reabsorbed)
  2. Secondary Active Transport
    - vitamins
    - a.a
    - ions
    - glucose
  3. Obligatory Transport (Osmosis)
    - 60-90% of H2O reabsoprbed via osmosis
23
Q

What is transport maximum?

A

When blood levels are too high there is not enough carriers & this is the maximum transport. When this is reached extra nutrients is excreted.
Ex: diabetes

24
Q

What is the Loop of Henle and what lines it?
What are the 2 parts?
What is 2 function?

A

Descending Limb
(Thin Segment)
- simple squamous
- permeable to H2O

Ascending Limb
(Thick Segment)
- simple cubiodal epi.
- permeable to Na+

Function:
1. Counter Current Multiplier
- increase concentration of urine

  1. Counter Current Exchange
    - reabsorption into bloodstream
25
Q

What lines the DCT & Collecting Duct?
Function
Hormonal Control?

A
  • simple cubiodal
  • fine tuning of blood

Hormones:
1. ADH
- protiensynthesis of aquaporins to increase H2O reabsorption->↑ BP

  1. Aldosterone
    - ↑ Na+ reabsorption
    –> ↑ concentration in blood
    –> ↑ H2O reabsorption
    –> ↑BP
  2. Atrial Naturetic Peptide (ANP)
    - stretch of atria indicated ↑BP
    –>ANP
    –>blocks reabsorption of Na+ & H2O
    => excretion
  3. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
    - ↑ Calcium reansorption
26
Q
A

Biol (28 decks)

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