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Biol > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are gonads?

A

Gonads = specialized organs that produce gametes (sex cells)

Male = Testes
Female = Ovary

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2
Q

What are the gametes?

A

Male = Spermatozoa
Female = Ovum, Oocyte, Egg

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3
Q

How do we reproduce & what is the advantage to it?

A

Produce sexually instead of asexually meaning 2 gametes join.
This is slower than asexual reproduction but it provides for genetic variance. The idea is that the mutations may present more advantageous to a forever changing environment; thus, an evolutionary edge to survive.

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4
Q

What is the reproductive system composed of (general):

A
  1. Gonads
    - testes
    - ovaries
  2. Accessory sex glands
    - prostate
    - seminal vesicles
    - bulbourethral glands
    - Bartholin’s gland (greater vestibular gland)
    - Skene’s glands
    (lesser vestibular glands, periurethral glands)
  3. Ducts that transport the gametes
    - Vas deferens,
    - Fallopian tubes
  4. Supporting structures
    - penis
    - uterus
    - vagina
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5
Q

Function of Testes

A
  1. Production of Sperm
  2. Endocrine function
    – produce testosterone
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6
Q

What structures make up the male reproductive system?

A
  • testes
    series of ducts including the:
    • Vas deferens
    • epididymis
    • efferent ductules
    • Rete testes
    • straight tubules
    • seminiferous tubules
  • seminal vesicles
  • prostate gland
  • bulbourethral gland
  • scrotum
  • penis
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7
Q

What in the starting and end point of the testes developmentally?

A

the testes develop with in the abdominal cavity and descend through the inguinal canal ( int. & ext. inguinal rings) into the scrotum.
The testes take the peritoneum w/ it into the scrotum = tunica vaginalis
The testes attach the testes to the abdominal cavity.

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8
Q

What structures are in the spermatic cord?

A
  1. Ductus deferens
    - muscular tube
    transports sperm from
    testes to ejaculatory
    duct
  2. Nerves
  3. Testicular Artery
    (gonadal a.)
  4. Testicular Vein
    - Paminiform Plexus
    > surround entire
    spermatic cord
    including the testicular
    a.
    - Lt drain into Lt renal v.
    *5. Cremaster Muscle
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9
Q

What is the dartos muscle?

A

The muscular wall beneath the skin of the scrotum.

vs cremaster msl that surrounds the spermatic chord and testes

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10
Q

Why do the testes descend?

A

The production of sperm will not occur properly unless it is 3℃ below body temperature.

Meaning the testes need its temperature regulated separately from the rest of the body

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11
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms to control temperature of the testes?

A
  1. Counter Current Exchange of Paminiform Plexus
    • Blood in vein is cooler than blood in artery so the paminiform plexus surrounding the artery has some heat come off the artery into the veins
  2. Cremaster Muscle
    - relax: cool, drops testes away
    - contract: warms, pull tests twd the body
    - sympathetic NS -contraction for pretection
  3. Dartos Muscle
    - contracts and relaxes to regulate temp
    - contract cause wrinkling of scrotum
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12
Q

Superficial to deep layers of scrotum

A

skin
dartos muscle
Cremaster msl
tunica vaginalis
tunica albuginea
testes

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13
Q

What’s in the testes?

A

Tunica albuginea

Septum
- dips in the tunica albuginea creating lobules

Lobules
- network of tubes within

Seminiferous Tubules
- function in sperm production = spermatogenesis

Rete Testis
- where seminiferous tubes come together to make a network

Epididymis
- storage of mature sperm cells
- Divided into the head, body, & tail

Ductus Deferens
- contract in peristalsis to transport of sperm to converge w/ seminal vesicle which produces a sugary fructose solution to give ATP for flagella
- makes up 60%of ejaculate

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14
Q

Sustentacular cells or Sertoli cells
- shape
- function
- location

A

SHAPE= specilized columnar cells
FUNCTION:
1. Produce Androgen Binding Protien (ABP)
- needed for testosterone to effect sperm
2. Produce Inhibin
- inhibits release of FSH, ICSH
3. Nurse Cells
- protect the developing spermtozoa be creating a blood testes layer because blood would see sperm as foreign
LOCATION:
Seminiferous Tubules

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15
Q

What cells are around/ next to the seminiferous tubules?
Will you find anything else in the area?

A

Interstitual Cells of Leydig
- stimulated by interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) (stim: GnRF, inh:build up of testosterone )
- Produce Testosterone
You will find capillaries around these cells bringing the hormones

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16
Q

Regulation of sperm development?

A

CNS feeback
(↓ blood testosterone)
↓
Hypothalamus
↓
Release Gonadotropin factor (GnRF)
↓
Anterior Pituitary Gland
- releases FSH & ICSH
ICSH:
target interstitual cells of Leydig to produce testoesterone

FSH:
target sustentactular (sertoli) cells
-> produce a Androgen Binding Protein (ABP)
↓↓
testosterone + ABP combine increase sperm development or sperm count
- Negative feedback loop
sertoli cells are stimulated to produce inhibitin

17
Q

Why steroid cause to problems conceiving?

A
18
Q
A
19
Q

Describe Spermatogenesis?

A

(1) Start:
Spermatogonium (diploid) undergoes mitosis

(2) Next:
–>One spermatogonium returns to basement membrane of seminiferous tubule to be a parent cell for later
–> Other spermatogonium becomes the primary spermatocyte

(3) Primary Spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I & recombination (+) division reduction occurs. the product is secondary spermatocyte

(4) Secondary Spermatocyte = 2 haploids

(5) Meiosis II occurs resulting in Spermatids
= 4 haploids

(6) Maturation into Spermatozoa
= 4 spermatids mature into 4 spermatozoa

20
Q

Name the structures of the spermatozoa and their function?

A

Acrosome
- cap like organelle on the head
- contains enzymes that when in contact w/ ovum will burn a hole in the ovum

Head
- contains the DNA
- Only thing that enters the ovum (just DNA)

Midpiece
- mitochondria are stored for production of ATP to power flagella
- seminal vesicle produces fructose sln to fuel ATP production

Flagellum
- functions in motility

21
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

A surgical procedure where the ductus deferens is cut. This causes spermatozoa to be reabsorbed instead of being in the ejaculate thus meaning they can no longer reproduce.

If there is overproduction of spermatozoa they can attach the ductus deferns to the sides of the scrotom to to be excreted

22
Q

What is the ejaculatory duct composed of?

A

Converging of ductus deferns bringing sperm & seminal vesicle producting fructose sln to be metabolized for ATP production to propel the sperm via the flagella

23
Q

What’s in ejaculate & whats its function?

A

≈ 1% spermatozoa
- gamate

60 % seminal fluid
- fructose sln for flagella motility

30 - 35% Prostatic fluid
- buffer sln to neutralize some of vagina’s acidity for survival of spermatozoa

4% Bulbourethral fluid
- Buffer sln to neutralize acidity of urine for sperm survival

24
Q

What is the the function and location of Bulbospongiosus muscle for males?

A

location: near base of penis

function:
contraction assist with ejaculation acting as a pump

25
Q

How does an erection occur?

A
  1. Central arteries in the corpora cavernosa DIALATE
  2. Corpora cavernosa fills up w/ blood like a spomge increasing pressure.
  3. Becasue of Tunica Albuginea = collagenous sheath which is not flexible the increasing pressure
  4. Dorsal veins collapse
  5. Blood goes in & not out. Penis inflates with blood making it erect

After Ejaculation:
- central veins constrict
- blood seep into vein
- Pressure lowers & slowly deflate

Biol (28 decks)

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