Urinary surgery (Yr4)

Question 1

what are indications for a nephrectomy?

Answer 1

renal neoplasia
non-responsive pyelonephritis

Question 2

when are bladder ruptures most commonly seen?

Answer 2

foals <5 days old (more common in colts)

Question 3

what findings on biochemistry would indicate bladder rupture?

Answer 3

hyperkalaemia
hyponatraemia
peritoneal creatinine more than double serum creatinine

Question 4

what should be done with bladder rupture cases before general anaesthesia?

Answer 4

stabilise… correct hyperkalaemia, slow abdominal drainage, rehydrate…

Question 5

what horses are uroliths most commonly seen in?

Answer 5

adult male horses (can cause blockage of urethra)

Question 6

what are the appearances of the two types of calcium carbonate uroliths seen in horses?

Answer 6

type I - speculated, yellow/green (more common)
type II - smooth and white

Question 7

what is abulous cystitis?

Answer 7

inflammation of the bladder as a consequence of poor emptying due to paralysis or other disease states

Question 8

what does the urachus connect to?

Answer 8

bladder

Question 9

when might a patent urachus be suspected?

Answer 9

dribbling of urine or moisture around umbilicus

Question 10

why might a urachus be patent?

Answer 10

if it fails to spontaneously close or can reopen if sepsis occurs

Question 11

what should always be checked in cases that present with a patent urachus?

Answer 11

concurrent septicaemia or septic arthritis (check IgG status)

Question 12

when is surgical repair of umbilical hernias indicated?

Answer 12

if larger than 5cm
if it persists for more than 6 months (most spontaneously resolve)
if it enlarges
if its associated with colic