Murmurs (Yr 4) Flashcards
where is the apex beat?
over the mitral valve
what causes S1?
shutting of AV valves when ventricles contract
what causes S2?
shutting of semilunar valves when ventricles relax
what causes S4?
atrial contraction (occurs just before S1)
what causes S3?
end of rapid ventricular filling (just after S2)
what is the P wave?
depolarisation of the atria
what is the QRS?
depolarisation of ventricles
what is the T wave?
repolarisation of ventricles
why does mitral valve regurgitation cause a loud S3?
more blood in the atria so ventricular filling is more rapid
what influences turbulence of blood?
vessel diameter
speed of blood
viscosity of blood
how are murmurs graded?
- barely audible
- quite than S1/S2
- as loud as S1/S2
- louder than S1/S2
- very loud with palpable thrill
- audible with stethoscope off the chest
how would an aortic flow murmur be described?
early/mid-systolic
localised over heart base (over aorta)
crescendo-decrescendo
stops before S2
can change intensity with exercise
how would a filling murmur be described?
early diastolic
squeak/whoop in fit young animals
between S2 and S3
localised over heart base or apex
can change intensity with HR
how is a mitral/tricuspid regurgitation murmur described?
holo/pansystolic
plateau or crescendo
PMI at heart apex
how does grade correlate to severity of mitral/tricupid valve regurgitation?
higher the grade the higher the severity
how is grades used to determine treatment of mitral/tricuspid regurgitation?
grade 1 and 2 are just monitored
grade 3 and above need further investiagtion
what horses is a ventricular septal defect usually seen in?
young horses
how is a murmur due to ventricular septal defects described?
loudest on right
very loud (thrill)
pansystolic
what age are aortic insufficiency murmurs heard?
older horses (teenager murmur)
how would an aortic insufficiency murmur be described?
decrescendo, buzzing
holodiastolic
PMI at left heart base
what causes a continuous murmur?
patent ductus arteriosus
what causes left sided systolic murmurs?
mitral valve regurgitation
aortic flow
what murmurs are heard on the right during systole?
tricuspid regurgitation
ventricular septal defect
what murmurs are heard on the left during diastole?
aortic valve regurgitation
ventricular filling
