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Anatomy and Physiology > Urinary (Lecture) > Flashcards

Urinary (Lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

Main long term organ for maintaining blood pressure:

A

kidneys

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2
Q

Organs of the urinary system:

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder (urocyst), urethra, specialized blood vessels

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3
Q

Two regions of the kidney:

A

renal cortex (outer), renal medulla

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4
Q

What part of the kidney forms a network of tubes?

A

Renal pyramids

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5
Q

The tubes that form the renal pyramids are called:

A

collecting ducts

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6
Q

Basic structural and functional unit of the kidney:

A

nephron

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7
Q

You have about ____ number of nephrons at birth.

A

three million

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8
Q

Parts of nephron in macro:

A

renal corpuscle and tubular component

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9
Q

Network of capillaries tucked into Bowman’s capsule:

A

glomerulus

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10
Q

Structure that holds the blood vessels:

A

Bowman’s capsule or glomerular capsule

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11
Q

Three basic functions of the nephron:

A

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

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12
Q

Urine formation requires what three steps?

A

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

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13
Q

Blood vessel that feeds into the glomerulus:

A

afferent arteriole

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14
Q

Filtering takes place in the:

A

glomerulus

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15
Q

Blood vessel that drains the glomerulus:

A

efferent arteriole

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16
Q

Efferent arteriole feeds into the:

A

peritubular capillaries (surround the nephron)

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17
Q

The peritubular capillaries feed into the:

A

veins…renal vein and eventually the inferior vena cava

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18
Q

Reabsorption and secretion occur in the:

A

nephron and peritubular capillaries (allows the kidneys to carry out its function)

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19
Q

The filtering membrane is a combination of:

A

Bowman’s capsule and blood vessels of the glomerulus

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20
Q

Three components of the filtering membrane:

A

capillary endothelium, basement membrane, podocyte cells that form filtration slits (trap medium sized proteins)

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21
Q

What is the first step in urine formation?

A

glomerular filtration

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22
Q

Term for the transfer of fluid and solutes from the glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s capsule due to pressure gradient:

A

glomerular filtration

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23
Q

Movement of molecules from high pressure to low pressure:

A

filtration

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24
Q

Examples of passive biotransport:

A

diffusion, osmosis, filtration

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25
Q

What do you need for filtration (basics):

A

pressure and a selectively permeable membrane

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26
Q

“cells with feet”

A

podocytes

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27
Q

What is filtered by glomerular filtration (stays in blood)?

A

cells, proteins, and protein-bound substances

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28
Q

What gets through filtration by glomerular filtration?

A

water, electrolytes, low-weight molecular substances

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29
Q

The driving force that creates the pressure needed for filtration is mainly from:

A

blood (pressure)

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30
Q

Pressure of plasma is called:

A

blood hydrostatic pressure

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31
Q

If anything affects ____ it will effect filtration.

A

pressure

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32
Q

Chief indicator for how well the kidneys are functioning: volume of plasma filtered from both kidneys per minute:

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate

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33
Q

Normal GFR (prevents uremia if functioning properly)

A

125ml/min

34
Q

Plasma volume is filtered approximately ____ times per day.

A

60

35
Q

Many of the wastes accumulated in the body are _____ which are produced by the body.

A

metabolic wastes

36
Q

When metabolic rate goes up you produce ____ waste products and need to _____ glomerular filtration.

A

more; increase

37
Q

When substances cannot be reabsorbed quickly enough and are lost in the urine:

A

GFR is too high

38
Q

When everything is reabsorbed, including wastes that are normally disposed of:

A

GFR is too low

39
Q

Three mechanisms that control the GFR primarily by controlling blood pressure:

A

renal autoregulation, hormonal, neural

40
Q

Network of structures next to the glomerulus that carries out the process of filtration control by carrying out renal autoregulation:

A

juxtaglomerular complex

41
Q

What system monitors the pressure for filtration?

A

juxtaglomerular complex

42
Q

What monitors how much urine/fluid flows past the distal convoluted tubule?

A

macula densa

43
Q

What monitors how much urine/fluid flows through the distal convoluted tubule?

A

macula densa

44
Q

Special smooth muscle cells that release hormones (factors) if pressure has dropped:

A

juxtaglomerular cells

45
Q

When the juxtaglomerular cells relax, the afferent arteriole _____ allowing more blood to enter the glomerulus. Thus causing the ____ arteriole to _____.

A

relax (dilate); efferent; constrict

46
Q

Backup of fluid in the glomerulus:

A

backpressure (increases blood being filtered and waste products being removed)

47
Q

Process of self control by the glomerulus:

A

autoregulation

48
Q

Allows the kidney to maintain its own pressure despite systemic pressure reading:

A

autoregulation

49
Q

Kidneys can only _____ pressure they can’t create it.

A

adjust

50
Q

If the autoregulatory component doesn’t work, the kidney can produce ____.

A

hormones (usually due to a drop in blood pressure which leads to a drop in filtration)

51
Q

Hormone released by kidney:

A

renin

52
Q

Renin mixes with chemicals from the liver and creates:

A

angiotensin

53
Q

Angiotensin is converted by the lungs to:

A

angiotensin II

54
Q

Target tissues of angiotensin:

A

blood vessels (arterioles)–cause arterioles in body to vasoconstrict (largest influence on pressure–increases blood pressure), brain (hypothalamus triggers thirst to increase blood volume), adrenal gland (adrenal cortex–triggers release of aldosterone)

55
Q

increasing blood pressure, increases:

A

filtration

56
Q

Hormone that causes you to retain sodium which results in retaining water:

A

aldosterone

57
Q

Chain of events caused by angiotensin:

A

increase blood pressure, increase water retention, increase filtration–to remove waste at a normal rate to maintain homeostasis

58
Q

ace-inhibitor

A

blocks lungs from creating angiotensin so blood pressure isn’t raised

59
Q

What always follows salt?

A

H2O

60
Q

Process where water carries the solutes back to the bloodstream

A

solvent drag

61
Q

solvent =

A

water

62
Q

solute =

A

sodium, potassium, magnesium

63
Q

Solvent drag can’t be activated without the:

A

sodium-potassium ion pump

64
Q

What hormone triggers sodium and water reabsorption?

A

aldosterone

65
Q

Aldosterone comes from:

A

adrenal glands

66
Q

Method for getting rid of chemicals that can’t fit through the filtering membrane, waste products (additional uric acid and urea), H+, ammonia, nitrogen, excess potassium

A

tubular secretion

67
Q

How does the nephron maintain/prevent large fluctuations in pH of the blood?

A

tubular secretion (prevents acidosis and alkalosis)

68
Q

What two processes control the composition and volume of urine?

A

tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion

69
Q

micturition

A

process of removing urine from the body

70
Q

Sphincters of the bladder:

A

internal urethral sphincter, external urethral sphincter

71
Q

The internal urethral sphincter is made of:

A

smooth muscle (involuntary)

72
Q

The external urethral sphincter is made of:

A

skeletal muscle (voluntary)

73
Q

Muscular wall of the bladder is called:

A

detrusor muscle

74
Q

The wall of the bladder contains:

A

specialized stretch receptors

75
Q

Voluntarily choosing to retain urine causes what to contract?

A

external urethral sphincter

76
Q

Which urethral sphincter is involuntary?

A

internal urethral sphincter

77
Q

Where is the micturition reflex center?

A

sacral region of the spinal cord (in the event of a spinal cord injury, the brain never receives messages to control the external urethral sphincter)

78
Q

The renal corpuscle contains what two structures?

A

Bownman’s capsule and glomerulus

79
Q

The renal tubule contains what four segments?

A

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule

80
Q

Movement of substances out of the renal tubules into the peritubular capillaries:

A

reabsorption

81
Q

The process by which substances move into urine forming in the distal and collecting tubules from blood in the peritubular capillaries:

A

secretion

Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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