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Anatomy and Physiology > Digestive System (Lecture) > Flashcards

Digestive System (Lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

Primary function of the digestive system:

A

break down food mechanically and by the use of enzymes so that it can be used by the body for energy and cell growth and repair

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2
Q

Catabolism of organic molecules:

A

polymer to monomer

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3
Q

Alimentary Canal:

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

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4
Q

Accessory organs:

A

tongue, teeth, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gall bladder

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5
Q

Accessory organs have to be stimulated by:

A

nerve impulses or hormones

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6
Q

Digestive system processes/functions:

A

ingestion, mechanical digestion and chemical digestion, propulsion/movement, absorption, elimination

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7
Q

Term for the physical breakdown of food:

A

mechanical digestion (chewing, grinding, etc.)

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8
Q

Term for the use of enzymes to break down food:

A

chemical digestion

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9
Q

What process increases the surface area of food?

A

mechanical digestion

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10
Q

During chemical digestion, what breaks down the food into monomers?

A

enzymes

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11
Q

Three main types of digestive enzymes:

A

amylase, protease, lipase

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12
Q

What enzyme breaks starch down into glucose?

A

amylase

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13
Q

What enzyme breaks protein down into amino acids?

A

protease

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14
Q

What enzyme breaks fats down into fatty acids and glycerol?

A

lipase

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15
Q

Basic monomers of carbohydrates/polysaccharides:

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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16
Q

One of the most common lipids in our diet:

A

triglycerides

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17
Q

Four layers of the Alimentary canal (begin with layer closest to the lumen):

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

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18
Q

Layer of the alimentary canal that contains nerves and glands:

A

submucosa

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19
Q

Layer of the alimentary canal that has at least two layers of smooth muscle:

A

muscularis

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20
Q

Smooth muscle layers of the muscularis:

A

longitudinal muscle and circular muscle layer

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21
Q

Where is the myenteric nerve plexus located that controls the contraction and movement process?

A

smooth muscle of the alimentary canal

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22
Q

Movement/contractile process that is carried out to get food through the alimentary canal:

A

peristalsis

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23
Q

Network of connective tissues and epithelial tissues of the alimentary canal:

A

serosa

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24
Q

Specialized serous membrane that holds the organs in place:

A

peritoneum

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25
Q

Peritoneal membrane coming from the lower part of the stomach to the pelvic cavity:

A

greater omentum (contains a lot of fat for insulation)

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26
Q

Part of the peritoneum attached to the small intestine:

A

mesentery

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27
Q

Part of the peritoneum attached to the large intestine:

A

mesocolon

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28
Q

Saliva is secreted by what three major pairs of salivary glands?

A

parotid (by ear), sublingual (under tongue), submandibular (under the jaw)

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29
Q

Fluid formed by the three major salivary glands:

A

saliva

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30
Q

Functions of saliva:

A

lubrication, solvent, antibacterial property from lysozyme, digestion of complex carbs, neutralization of acid (contains bicarbonate)

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31
Q

Saliva contains:

A

enzymes

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32
Q

Two enzymes found in saliva:

A

amylase, lipase

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33
Q

What enzyme begins the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates?

A

amylase

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34
Q

____ are large polymers of carbohydrates.

A

starches

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35
Q

What enzyme works to break down lipids?

A

lipase

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36
Q

A triglyceride contains:

A

glycerol compound and three fatty acids

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37
Q

Primary lipid in the body:

A

triglyceride

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38
Q

Teeth and tongue are in charge of what kind of digestion?

A

mechanical digestion

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39
Q

deglutition means:

A

swallowing

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40
Q

Three steps of deglutition:

A

voluntary phase (occurs when food is in the mouth), pharyngeal phase (involuntary), esophageal phase

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41
Q

Deglutition center in the brain controls:

A

constriction muscles for the pharyngeal phase of deglutition to prevent choking

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42
Q

Serves as a passageway for air and food and where peristalsis begins:

A

pharynx

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43
Q

Sphincter where esophagus is connected to the stomach and closes off the entrance to the stomach to prevent HCl from splashes up to the lower part of the esophagus:

A

lower esophageal sphincter

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44
Q

Condition where lower esophageal sphincter remains open:

A

GERD

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45
Q

Highest section of the stomach:

A

fundus

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46
Q

Narrowed area of the stomach that approaches the small intestine:

A

antrum

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47
Q

The antrum attaches to the small intestine at the ____.

A

pyloric canal

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48
Q

Sphincter between stomach and small intestine (duodenum):

A

pyloric sphincter

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49
Q

Term for food in the area of the duodenum characterized as a semi-solid, soapy mixture:

A

chyme

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50
Q

The secretions from the stomach come from which layer?

A

mucosa

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51
Q

The mucosa contains ____glands:

A

gastric

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52
Q

What are the cells that form the gastric glands?

A

surface mucous cell (secrete thick mucous), parietal cells, chief cells, G cells

53
Q

What kind of cell produces a thick mucous that protects the lining of the stomach from acid?

A

surface mucous cell

54
Q

What cells are important for digestion and produce HCl and intrinsic factor?

A

parietal cell

55
Q

What chemical is needed for protein digestion?

A

HCl

56
Q

What chemical is important for B12 absorption?

A

intrinsic factor

57
Q

What cell secretes the two enzymes pepsinogen and gastric lipase?

A

chief cells

58
Q

What are the enzyme producing cells?

A

chief cells

59
Q

What cell secretes the hormone gastrin?

A

G cell

60
Q

B12 is necessary for ____ synthesis.

A

DNA

61
Q

The lining of the stomach is a _____ membrane.

A

mucous

62
Q

What chemical produced by the stomach helps kill bacteria and denatures protein?

A

HCl

63
Q

What is the inactive form of pepsin?

A

pepsinogen

64
Q

What stimulates acid secretion by the stomach?

A

Gastrin

65
Q

The parietal cell has receptors for ___, ____, ____, which stimulate the production of HCl:

A

acetylcholine, histamine, gastrin

66
Q

Three phases of regulation of stomach secretion:

A

cephalic phase, gastric phase, gastrointestinal phase

67
Q

cephalic phase is:

A

stimulatory (initiated by sight, smell, taste, or thought of food)

68
Q

gastric phase is:

A

stimulatory

69
Q

gastrointestinal phase is:

A

inhibitory

70
Q

Which phase of stomach secretion “gets the stomach ready” by activation of the parasympathetic nervous system which activates the vagus nerve?

A

cephalic phase

71
Q

Which phase activates the production of pepsin, HCl, histamine, gastrin?

A

cephalic phase

72
Q

Once food enters the stomach, what phase of stomach regulation is it in?

A

gastric phase

73
Q

During the gastric phase the G cells produce more:

A

gastrin…and all other cells enhance/increase production and secretion as well as churning

74
Q

Eventually the ____ opens up and the food enters the first part of the small intestine.

A

pyloric sphincter

75
Q

The first part of the small intestine is called the ____.

A

duodenum

76
Q

Once food leaves the stomach, what phase is it in?

A

gastrointestinal phase

77
Q

Which phase inhibits stomach activity?

A

gastrointestinal phase

78
Q

The intestinal phase relies on an _____ response to inhibit stomach activity.

A

endocrine

79
Q

What kind of cell in the intestinal phase secretes CCK, GIP, Secretin?

A

enterogastric cell

80
Q

CCK shuts off:

A

stomach secretions

81
Q

Secretin shuts off:

A

peristalsis

82
Q

GIP shuts off:

A

secretions and contraction within the stomach

83
Q

What three accessory organs does the small intestine rely on?

A

pancreas, liver, gallbladder

84
Q

The accessory organs are attached to the alimentary canal by ____.

A

ducts

85
Q

The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are stimulated by _____ signaled from the duodenum.

A

hormones

86
Q

The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct form the:

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla/duct

87
Q

Secretions from the liver and the pancreas enter the duodenum by way of the:

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

88
Q

Endocrine function of the pancreas produces:

A

insulin, glucagon

89
Q

Enzymes produced by the pancreas break down:

A

proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids

90
Q

Pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins:

A

protease

91
Q

Pancreatic enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates:

A

amylase

92
Q

Pancreatic enzyme that breaks down nucleic acids:

A

nuclease

93
Q

Pancreatic enzyme that breaks down dietary fat:

A

lipase

94
Q

Two hormones involved in the intestinal phase and have an effect on the pancreas:

A

CCK and secretin

95
Q

What hormone triggers the pancreas to release its digestive enzymes?

A

CCK (Cholecystokinin) : triggers amylase, lipase, nuclease, protease

96
Q

What hormone triggers the pancreas to release bicarbonate ions?

A

secretin

97
Q

The fluid released by the pancreas contains:

A

H2O, bicarbonate, and digestive enzymes

98
Q

The bicarbonate released by the pancreas helps neutralize the:

A

HCl

99
Q

What neutralizes the acidic chyme entering the duodenum:

A

bicarbonate ions from the pancreas

100
Q

Secretin triggers the liver to produce:

A

bile (alkaline pH to further neutralize the acids entering the small intestine from the stomach)

101
Q

CCK gets its name from its action in the:

A

gallbladder

102
Q

Functions of bile:

A

dilutes contents from the stomach, creates optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes, contains bile salts which emulsify fats

103
Q

What product from the gallbladder helps emulsify the fats?

A

bile salts

104
Q

What process increases the surfaces are of fat which makes chemical digestion and absorption easier in the small intestine?

A

emulsification

105
Q

Fats are digested in what two stages:

A

emulsification and then the digestive enzyme lipase

106
Q

What hormone shuts down the digestive process?

A

somatostatin

107
Q

Three sections to the small intestine:

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

108
Q

What is the terminal section of the small intestine?

A

ileum (attaches to the large intestine)

109
Q

Function of the small intestine:

A

chemical digestion (major organ of digestion and absorption) and absorption so the nutrients of the food enters the bloodstream

110
Q

The small intestine has a surface area of:

A

300m^2

111
Q

What extends from the mucosa of the small intestine and increase the surface area of the small intestine?

A

villi

112
Q

What kind of cells make up the villi?

A

absorptive cells

113
Q

absorptive cells on the villi increase surface area with:

A

microvilli (increase the surface area of each villus)

114
Q

Name the structural components that increase the surface area of small intestine:

A

circular folds, villi, microvilli

115
Q

Functional unit of the small intestine:

A

villi

116
Q

The core of the villus has a specialized set of:

A

blood capillaries and lacteals (lymphatic capillaries)

117
Q

First place food is metabolized after it is absorbed by the blood capillaries and lacteals:

A

liver

118
Q

Most liver functions take place post absorption and is called:

A

first pass effect

119
Q

Transformation of one organic compound into something else (detoxification process):

A

biotransformation

120
Q

Biotransformation is performed by the:

A

liver

121
Q

All fat soluble vitamins are stored in the:

A

liver

122
Q

The liver stores:

A

fat soluble vitamins, glycogen, lipids

123
Q

The liver synthesizes:

A

albumin, growth factors, urea

124
Q

Liver functions:

A

breaks down RBCs, protein metabolism, synthesis of plasma proteins, enzyme synthesis, conversion of ammonia to urea, carbohydrate metabolism (storage of glucose), fat metabolism, detoxification

125
Q

The ileum attaches to the ____ of the large intestine.

A

cecum

126
Q

Sections of the large intestine:

A

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus

127
Q

Term for the “pockets” in the colon:

A

haustra

128
Q

Primary component absorbed by the large intestine:

A

water and some medications given by suppository

129
Q

The bacteria in the large intestine produce:

A

vitamin K

Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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