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Anatomy and Physiology > Urinalysis (Lab Practical) > Flashcards

Urinalysis (Lab Practical) Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the urinary system:

A

removal of toxic waste products, regulation of blood volume, regulation of electrolyte balance, regulation of acid-base balance, regulation of fluid/electrolytes in tissue fluid, production of erythropoieten

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2
Q

What are the primary wastes removed by the urinary system?

A

nitrogenous wastes

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3
Q

What is the main function of the kidneys?

A

Make sure the physical and chemical properties of blood is maintained.

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4
Q

Organic molecules always contain ____.

A

carbon

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5
Q

Organic molecules always follow the ____ to ____ rule.

A

monomer; polymer

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6
Q

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharide

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7
Q

What is the monomer of proteins?

A

amino acids

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8
Q

What is the monomer of lipids?

A

fatty acid, glycerol

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9
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotide

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10
Q

What is the polymer of carbohydrates?

A

polysaccharide

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11
Q

What is the polymer of proteins?

A

polypeptide

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12
Q

What is the polymer of lipids?

A

lipid

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13
Q

What is the polymer of nucleic acids?

A

nucleic acid

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14
Q

Sum total of all chemical reactions in the body:

A

metabolism

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15
Q

Metabolism can be broken down into two groups:

A

anabolism and catabolism

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16
Q

build things up

A

anabolism

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17
Q

break things down (big molecule to smaller molecule)

A

catabolism

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18
Q

Process of going from monomer to polymer:

A

anabolism

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19
Q

Process of going from polymer to monomer:

A

catabolism

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20
Q

Physical properties of urine:

A

pH, osmolarity (density), specific gravity (weight of urine, H20=1). Urine is slightly heavier than water at about 1.03

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21
Q

Nitrogenous Wastes:

A

urea, creatinine, uric acid, ammonia, urobilin, bilirubin

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22
Q

All nitrogenous wastes contain _____.

A

nitrogen

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23
Q

Four main nitrogenous wastes:

A

ammonia, urea, uric acid, creatinine

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24
Q

NH3

A

ammonia

25
Q

Term for the transfer of a nitrogen group from one chemical to another that is needed to synthesize many of the amino acids:

A

transamination

26
Q

Conversion of keto acids into an amino acid:

A

transamination

27
Q

Where does transamination mainly take place?

A

liver

28
Q

LFT (liver function test) shows:

A

transaminases (AST, ALT)

29
Q

Process by which amino acids are broken down if there is an excess of protein intake:

A

deamination

30
Q

Where does deamination primarily take place?

A

liver

31
Q

What process removes an amine group and converts it into ammonia?

A

deamination

32
Q

ammonia is converted to:

A

urea

33
Q

How many grams of urea is typically eliminated in urine per day?

A

21g/day (almost an ounce)

34
Q

The ____ prevents nitrogenous waste from building up?

A

kidneys

35
Q

BUN test:

A

blood-urea-nitrogen

36
Q

Condition if BUN is abnormally high:

A

azotemia

37
Q

Why does azotemia occur?

A

build up of nitrogen containing compounds in the waste because kidneys can’t remove it fast enough which could indicate kidney problem

38
Q

Untreated azotemia can progress to:

A

uremia

39
Q

Azotemia with symptoms or signs of renal failure:

A

uremia

40
Q

Ammonia and urea come from ____. So an increase in these shown in blood test would suggest the patient needs to decrease ____ intake.

A

protein; protein

41
Q

Uric acid comes from:

A

nucleic acids

42
Q

The monomer of nucleic acid:

A

nucleotides

43
Q

Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of:

A

DNA and RNA

44
Q

The purines____ and___ are found in both RNA and DNA.

A

adenine; guanine

45
Q

Pyrimidines include:

A

cytosine, thymine, Uracil

46
Q

Uric acid comes from the conversion of ____.

A

purines

47
Q

Uric acid can ____ and cause the condition ____.

A

crystallize; gout

48
Q

Four nitrogenous wastes:

A

ammonia, nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine

49
Q

Creatine Phosphate is one of the ways the body produces:

A

ATP

50
Q

Primary tissues that produce ATP by way of creatine phosphate:

A

skeletal muscles

51
Q

The waste product of ATP is:

A

creatinine

52
Q

Ketones come from the break down of ____ and ____.

A

fats; triglycerides

53
Q

ketones are also referred to as ____.

A

acids/keto acids

54
Q

Ketone synthesis occurs in the ____.

A

liver

55
Q

Examples of ketone bodies:

A

acetone, acetoacetate, hydroxybutyrate

56
Q

DKA

A

diabetic-keto-acidosis

57
Q

How do you reverse DKA?

A

give insulin so the body uses glucose for energy instead of fats

58
Q

Keto-acids can also end up in urine, but in normal circumstances their numbers are low unless someone is _____ because the kidneys aren’t able to get rid of metabolic wastes and maintain pH of blood.

A

diabetic

Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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