Urinalysis (Lab Practical) Flashcards
Functions of the urinary system:
removal of toxic waste products, regulation of blood volume, regulation of electrolyte balance, regulation of acid-base balance, regulation of fluid/electrolytes in tissue fluid, production of erythropoieten
What are the primary wastes removed by the urinary system?
nitrogenous wastes
What is the main function of the kidneys?
Make sure the physical and chemical properties of blood is maintained.
Organic molecules always contain ____.
carbon
Organic molecules always follow the ____ to ____ rule.
monomer; polymer
What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
monosaccharide
What is the monomer of proteins?
amino acids
What is the monomer of lipids?
fatty acid, glycerol
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
nucleotide
What is the polymer of carbohydrates?
polysaccharide
What is the polymer of proteins?
polypeptide
What is the polymer of lipids?
lipid
What is the polymer of nucleic acids?
nucleic acid
Sum total of all chemical reactions in the body:
metabolism
Metabolism can be broken down into two groups:
anabolism and catabolism
build things up
anabolism
break things down (big molecule to smaller molecule)
catabolism
Process of going from monomer to polymer:
anabolism
Process of going from polymer to monomer:
catabolism
Physical properties of urine:
pH, osmolarity (density), specific gravity (weight of urine, H20=1). Urine is slightly heavier than water at about 1.03
Nitrogenous Wastes:
urea, creatinine, uric acid, ammonia, urobilin, bilirubin
All nitrogenous wastes contain _____.
nitrogen
Four main nitrogenous wastes:
ammonia, urea, uric acid, creatinine
NH3
ammonia
Term for the transfer of a nitrogen group from one chemical to another that is needed to synthesize many of the amino acids:
transamination
Conversion of keto acids into an amino acid:
transamination
Where does transamination mainly take place?
liver
LFT (liver function test) shows:
transaminases (AST, ALT)
Process by which amino acids are broken down if there is an excess of protein intake:
deamination
Where does deamination primarily take place?
liver
What process removes an amine group and converts it into ammonia?
deamination
ammonia is converted to:
urea
How many grams of urea is typically eliminated in urine per day?
21g/day (almost an ounce)
The ____ prevents nitrogenous waste from building up?
kidneys
BUN test:
blood-urea-nitrogen
Condition if BUN is abnormally high:
azotemia
Why does azotemia occur?
build up of nitrogen containing compounds in the waste because kidneys can’t remove it fast enough which could indicate kidney problem
Untreated azotemia can progress to:
uremia
Azotemia with symptoms or signs of renal failure:
uremia
Ammonia and urea come from ____. So an increase in these shown in blood test would suggest the patient needs to decrease ____ intake.
protein; protein
Uric acid comes from:
nucleic acids
The monomer of nucleic acid:
nucleotides
Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of:
DNA and RNA
The purines____ and___ are found in both RNA and DNA.
adenine; guanine
Pyrimidines include:
cytosine, thymine, Uracil
Uric acid comes from the conversion of ____.
purines
Uric acid can ____ and cause the condition ____.
crystallize; gout
Four nitrogenous wastes:
ammonia, nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine
Creatine Phosphate is one of the ways the body produces:
ATP
Primary tissues that produce ATP by way of creatine phosphate:
skeletal muscles
The waste product of ATP is:
creatinine
Ketones come from the break down of ____ and ____.
fats; triglycerides
ketones are also referred to as ____.
acids/keto acids
Ketone synthesis occurs in the ____.
liver
Examples of ketone bodies:
acetone, acetoacetate, hydroxybutyrate
DKA
diabetic-keto-acidosis
How do you reverse DKA?
give insulin so the body uses glucose for energy instead of fats
Keto-acids can also end up in urine, but in normal circumstances their numbers are low unless someone is _____ because the kidneys aren’t able to get rid of metabolic wastes and maintain pH of blood.
diabetic
