Lymphatic System and Immunity (Chapter 22) Flashcards
Disease causing organisms…
pathogens
Body system that includes cells, tissues, and organs responsible for defending the body:
lymphatic system
Primary cell of the lymphatic system?
lymphocytes
Ability to resist infection and disease:
immunity
What is fluid that resembles plasma but contains a much lower concentration of suspended proteins?
lymph
A network of lymphatic vessels begin in ______ and connect to_____.
peripheral tissues; veins
What are the primary lymphoid tissues and organs?
red bone marrow and thymus
The defense cells: monocytes and macrophages are formed in the:
red bone marrow
What are the secondary lymphoid tissues and organs?
tonsils, MALT, lymph nodes, spleen
Excess fluid delivered to the peripheral tissues by the capillaries is returned to the bloodstream by way of:
lymphatic vessels
Lymph first enters lymphatic capillaries and then drains into major lymph-collecting vessels, known as____ and ____.
trunks; ducts
Lymphatic capillaries branch through____.
peripheral tissues
Term for lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine?
lacteals
What type of lymphatic capillary transports lipids absorbed by the digestive tract?
lacteals
Lymphatic vessels contain____that prevent backflow of lymph.
valves
Valves in the lymphatic vessels are essential to maintaining normal lymph flow toward the_____.
thoracic cavity
Superficial and deep lymphatics converge to form even larger vessels called:
lymphatic trunks
The lymphatic trunks empty into two large collecting vessels:
thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
Which duct collects lymph from the body inferior to the diaphragm and from the left side of the body superior to the diaphragm?
thoracic duct
Which duct collects lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm?
right lymphatic duct
Obstruction of lymphatic vessels produces:
lymphedema
What are the functions of the immune system?
fluid recovery, transport of dietary fats, immune protection
Fluid leaking out of capillaries is part of a ____ process.
nutrient-waste exchange
The lymphatic capillaries absorb fluid that leaked out of the capillaries and returns it to the blood where the ____ and ____ intersect
subclavian; jugular veins
_____ by the immune system helps maintain circulating blood volume.
fluid recovery
What is the amount of fluid that is captured by the lymphatic capillaries?
15%
____ absorb digested fat and transport it through the lymphatic system.
lacteals
What are the primary lymphatic organs?
thymus gland and bone marrow
What are the secondary lymphatic organs and tissues?
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, MALT
Term for the ability of T cells and B cells to fight off infections:
immunocompetence
Specialized tissue that works for the immune system:
MALT
Lymphatic vessels are located within the ____ and the ____.
extremeties; trunk
Lymphatic circulation begins at the ____.
lymphatic capillaries
Fluid in the lymphatic capillaries flow in ____ direction.
one
Lymphatic capillaries only allow fluid ___.
in
Lymphatic capillaries have ___ that prevent fluid from leaking out.
valves
What structure controls the opening and closing of valves in the lymphatic capillaries depending on how much interstitial fluid is present?
anchoring filaments
Once fluid enters the lymphatic vessels, it is called:
lymph fluid
Lymphatic vessels follow the flow of the ____.
veins
Lumbar trunks drain:
lower extremitites
Intestinal trunks drain:
abdomen
Mediastinal trunks drains:
thoracic cavity
subclavian trunk drains:
arms
jugular trunks drain:
head
Circulatory process of lymphatic vessels:
l. capillaries - l. trunks - lymphatic ducts
What are the two lymphatic ducts?
left l. duct and right l. duct
Most of the fluid in the body is drained by which duct?
left lymphatic/thoracic
What structure acts as an in-line filter?
lymph nodes
What kind of vessels carry fluid into a lymph node?
afferent lymphatic vessels
What is the term for the vessels that drain fluid from a lymph node?
efferent lymphatic vessels
Does more fluid enter or drain from a lymph node?
more fluid enters than drains
A lymph node contains a variety of cells:
B cells, T cells, macrophage, plasma cells, etc.
The cells within the lymph nodes look for:
bacteria and kill it
The fluid leaving the lymph node is ____ than the fluid entering the lymph node.
cleaner
Is the spleen hooked up to the lymphatic or circulatory system?
circulatory
Blood enters the spleen through the ______.
splenic artery
What is the largest lymphatic organ?
spleen
MALT
mucosal-associated lymphatic tissue
MALT is found:
digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive
mucous membranes line:
cavities exposed to the external environment
____ is a collection of immune cells:
MALT
T cells mature in the:
thymus gland
B cells mature in the:
bone marrow
What kind of cell provides cell mediated immunity?
T cells
What kind of cell provides humoral immunity?
B cells
What is the protective function of the immune system?
resistance
Term for the ability to fight off disease:
resistance
What are the two types of resistance?
non-specific (innate–“born with”) and specific
Type of resistance that is also called adaptive and gets modified over time:
specific resistance
What is our first line of defense?
physical barriers: skin and mucous membranes
What are the physical barriers that act as the first line of defense for resistance?
skin and mucous membranes
Skin secretes ___ that have an antibacterial effect.
chemicals like sweat, sebum, and other oils
Mucous membranes produce:
network of chemicals that form mucous containing specific enzyme to ward off bacteria
What is the second line of defense in the resistance process?
cells and chemicals
What are the cells that carry out phagocytosis?
neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages
What cells carry out immunosurveillance?
natural killer cells
Term for the process of chemical movement that signals white blood cells to fight off an infection:
chemotaxis
Term for white blood cells leaving vessel wall:
diapedesis
Phagocytosis means:
cell eating
Phases of phagocytosis (steps involved)
chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing
Killing process carried out by white blood cells via chemicals like hydrogen peroxide, bleach and hypochlorite
oxidative burst
Many chemicals are released in order to organize the killing of bacteria. The result is often:
inflammation
Interleukins trigger a process called ____.
fever
Inflammatory agent that produces inflammation (red, hot, swelling, pain)
histamine
What process works to contain bacteria or kill it?
inflammation
1st line and 2nd line defenses are specific or non-specific?
non specific form of resistance
Which line of defense is specific?
3rd line of defense
Network of proteins categorized as a second line of defense that bridges the gap between non-specific and specific.
complement system
The complement system triggers four processes:
chemotaxis, opsonization, cytolysis, inflammation
Coding process that cause proteins to stick to the surface of microbes that allows the white blood cell to adhere:
opsonization
____ calls more white blood cells to the area of infection.
chemotaxis
Network of proteins act like enzymes and eat through the cell membrane of the bacteria which allows other inflammatory chemicals to enter the bacteria to kill it:
cytolysis
Actual killing process of the complement system
cytolysis
Secondary effect of the complement system:
inflammation
The third line of defense is specific immunity which is provided by the:
T cells and B cells
T cells and B cells respond to an:
antigen
What, by definition, triggers an immune response:
antigen
Term for the ability of the T cells and B cells to recognize, destroy, and clear an antigen from the body:
immunocompetence
Immunocompetence has to be ____.
learned (genetic process)
DNA programed to fight a known antigen:
immunomemory
Immunomemory is only developed by ____ immunity.
specific
Humoral or antibody mediated immunity is provided by:
B cells
In order to a T cell and B cell to become active, they have to recognize the_____.
antigen
What kind of cell presents an antigen to the T cell or B cell?
APC - antigen presenting cell
APC cells are examples of (types of cells):
dendritic cells, langerhan cells, and macrophage
Two processes that begin when a T cell is activated:
proliferation (cell undergoes mitosis to increase numbers), and differentiation (cells break off into group for specific jobs)
Term for a cell undergoing mitosis so it increases in number and they are each genetically identical clones:
proliferation
Four types of T cells produced by differentiation:
T helper, cytotoxic T cells, T suppressor cells, T memory cells
Major coordinator for most of the immune processes by T cells and B cells
T helper cells
What kind of cell is attacked by the HIV virus?
T helper cells
Which T cell is a killer cell?
Cytotoxic T cell
The cytotoxic T cell releases:
perforin and lymphotoxin
What kind of T cell tries to reduce/inhibit the immune response which prevents the positive feedback mechanism from getting out of control?
T suppressor cell
What are the antagonistic T cells?
T helper cells and T suppressor cells
When the immune system is not inhibited it can begin to attack its own tissues which results in:
autoimmune disease
Which T cell never leaves the lymph node as it waits for the next antigen to enter?
T memory cell (of the previous infection)
The immune process is started by the _____ cell:
antigen presenting cell
Plasma cells are the mature ____ that produce antibodies.
B cells
What kind of B cells produce antibodies that ultimately kill an antigen?
plasma cells
Protein that is designed to attach to and bind to an antigen:
antibody
Immunoglobulins are:
antibodies
Five groups of antibodies:
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD (GAMED)
IgG
most common, able to cross placenta
IgA
in body fluids–concentrated in mucous, tears, saliva, colostrum–antibody protection near the surface of the body
IgM
agglutination
IgE
alert mast cells and basophils to release histamine which can produce allergy symptoms
IgD
stimulate B cells to produce antibodies
Antibody structure is ___ shaped with____chains.
Y; amino acid
The constant region of the antibody:
stem (determines what class it is)
Variable region of an antibody is where the____binds.
antigen
Changing the amino acid sequence of the antibody so it can become adapted to whatever shape the ____ is so that it can become eradicated.
antigen
Term for the process where a person produces antibodies in response to the presence of an antigen:
active immunity
Term for the process where a person receives antibodies by another individual:
passive immunity
Breastmilk for the infant is an example of what kind of immunity?
passive immunity
Active immunity develops:
immunomemory
A vaccine is an example of what kind of immunity?
passive immunity
Getting chicken pox and being later exposed but not getting chicken pox again is an example of:
active immunity
