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Anatomy and Physiology > Lymphatic System and Immunity (Chapter 22) > Flashcards

Lymphatic System and Immunity (Chapter 22) Flashcards

1
Q

Disease causing organisms…

A

pathogens

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2
Q

Body system that includes cells, tissues, and organs responsible for defending the body:

A

lymphatic system

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3
Q

Primary cell of the lymphatic system?

A

lymphocytes

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4
Q

Ability to resist infection and disease:

A

immunity

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5
Q

What is fluid that resembles plasma but contains a much lower concentration of suspended proteins?

A

lymph

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6
Q

A network of lymphatic vessels begin in ______ and connect to_____.

A

peripheral tissues; veins

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7
Q

What are the primary lymphoid tissues and organs?

A

red bone marrow and thymus

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8
Q

The defense cells: monocytes and macrophages are formed in the:

A

red bone marrow

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9
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid tissues and organs?

A

tonsils, MALT, lymph nodes, spleen

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10
Q

Excess fluid delivered to the peripheral tissues by the capillaries is returned to the bloodstream by way of:

A

lymphatic vessels

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11
Q

Lymph first enters lymphatic capillaries and then drains into major lymph-collecting vessels, known as____ and ____.

A

trunks; ducts

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12
Q

Lymphatic capillaries branch through____.

A

peripheral tissues

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13
Q

Term for lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine?

A

lacteals

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14
Q

What type of lymphatic capillary transports lipids absorbed by the digestive tract?

A

lacteals

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15
Q

Lymphatic vessels contain____that prevent backflow of lymph.

A

valves

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16
Q

Valves in the lymphatic vessels are essential to maintaining normal lymph flow toward the_____.

A

thoracic cavity

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17
Q

Superficial and deep lymphatics converge to form even larger vessels called:

A

lymphatic trunks

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18
Q

The lymphatic trunks empty into two large collecting vessels:

A

thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

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19
Q

Which duct collects lymph from the body inferior to the diaphragm and from the left side of the body superior to the diaphragm?

A

thoracic duct

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20
Q

Which duct collects lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm?

A

right lymphatic duct

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21
Q

Obstruction of lymphatic vessels produces:

A

lymphedema

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22
Q

What are the functions of the immune system?

A

fluid recovery, transport of dietary fats, immune protection

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23
Q

Fluid leaking out of capillaries is part of a ____ process.

A

nutrient-waste exchange

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24
Q

The lymphatic capillaries absorb fluid that leaked out of the capillaries and returns it to the blood where the ____ and ____ intersect

A

subclavian; jugular veins

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25
Q

_____ by the immune system helps maintain circulating blood volume.

A

fluid recovery

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26
Q

What is the amount of fluid that is captured by the lymphatic capillaries?

A

15%

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27
Q

____ absorb digested fat and transport it through the lymphatic system.

A

lacteals

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28
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

A

thymus gland and bone marrow

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29
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs and tissues?

A

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, MALT

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30
Q

Term for the ability of T cells and B cells to fight off infections:

A

immunocompetence

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31
Q

Specialized tissue that works for the immune system:

A

MALT

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32
Q

Lymphatic vessels are located within the ____ and the ____.

A

extremeties; trunk

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33
Q

Lymphatic circulation begins at the ____.

A

lymphatic capillaries

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34
Q

Fluid in the lymphatic capillaries flow in ____ direction.

A

one

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35
Q

Lymphatic capillaries only allow fluid ___.

A

in

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36
Q

Lymphatic capillaries have ___ that prevent fluid from leaking out.

A

valves

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37
Q

What structure controls the opening and closing of valves in the lymphatic capillaries depending on how much interstitial fluid is present?

A

anchoring filaments

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38
Q

Once fluid enters the lymphatic vessels, it is called:

A

lymph fluid

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39
Q

Lymphatic vessels follow the flow of the ____.

A

veins

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40
Q

Lumbar trunks drain:

A

lower extremitites

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41
Q

Intestinal trunks drain:

A

abdomen

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42
Q

Mediastinal trunks drains:

A

thoracic cavity

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43
Q

subclavian trunk drains:

A

arms

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44
Q

jugular trunks drain:

A

head

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45
Q

Circulatory process of lymphatic vessels:

A

l. capillaries - l. trunks - lymphatic ducts

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46
Q

What are the two lymphatic ducts?

A

left l. duct and right l. duct

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47
Q

Most of the fluid in the body is drained by which duct?

A

left lymphatic/thoracic

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48
Q

What structure acts as an in-line filter?

A

lymph nodes

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49
Q

What kind of vessels carry fluid into a lymph node?

A

afferent lymphatic vessels

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50
Q

What is the term for the vessels that drain fluid from a lymph node?

A

efferent lymphatic vessels

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51
Q

Does more fluid enter or drain from a lymph node?

A

more fluid enters than drains

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52
Q

A lymph node contains a variety of cells:

A

B cells, T cells, macrophage, plasma cells, etc.

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53
Q

The cells within the lymph nodes look for:

A

bacteria and kill it

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54
Q

The fluid leaving the lymph node is ____ than the fluid entering the lymph node.

A

cleaner

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55
Q

Is the spleen hooked up to the lymphatic or circulatory system?

A

circulatory

56
Q

Blood enters the spleen through the ______.

A

splenic artery

57
Q

What is the largest lymphatic organ?

A

spleen

58
Q

MALT

A

mucosal-associated lymphatic tissue

59
Q

MALT is found:

A

digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive

60
Q

mucous membranes line:

A

cavities exposed to the external environment

61
Q

____ is a collection of immune cells:

A

MALT

62
Q

T cells mature in the:

A

thymus gland

63
Q

B cells mature in the:

A

bone marrow

64
Q

What kind of cell provides cell mediated immunity?

A

T cells

65
Q

What kind of cell provides humoral immunity?

A

B cells

66
Q

What is the protective function of the immune system?

A

resistance

67
Q

Term for the ability to fight off disease:

A

resistance

68
Q

What are the two types of resistance?

A

non-specific (innate–“born with”) and specific

69
Q

Type of resistance that is also called adaptive and gets modified over time:

A

specific resistance

70
Q

What is our first line of defense?

A

physical barriers: skin and mucous membranes

71
Q

What are the physical barriers that act as the first line of defense for resistance?

A

skin and mucous membranes

72
Q

Skin secretes ___ that have an antibacterial effect.

A

chemicals like sweat, sebum, and other oils

73
Q

Mucous membranes produce:

A

network of chemicals that form mucous containing specific enzyme to ward off bacteria

74
Q

What is the second line of defense in the resistance process?

A

cells and chemicals

75
Q

What are the cells that carry out phagocytosis?

A

neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages

76
Q

What cells carry out immunosurveillance?

A

natural killer cells

77
Q

Term for the process of chemical movement that signals white blood cells to fight off an infection:

A

chemotaxis

78
Q

Term for white blood cells leaving vessel wall:

A

diapedesis

79
Q

Phagocytosis means:

A

cell eating

80
Q

Phases of phagocytosis (steps involved)

A

chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing

81
Q

Killing process carried out by white blood cells via chemicals like hydrogen peroxide, bleach and hypochlorite

A

oxidative burst

82
Q

Many chemicals are released in order to organize the killing of bacteria. The result is often:

A

inflammation

83
Q

Interleukins trigger a process called ____.

A

fever

84
Q

Inflammatory agent that produces inflammation (red, hot, swelling, pain)

A

histamine

85
Q

What process works to contain bacteria or kill it?

A

inflammation

86
Q

1st line and 2nd line defenses are specific or non-specific?

A

non specific form of resistance

87
Q

Which line of defense is specific?

A

3rd line of defense

88
Q

Network of proteins categorized as a second line of defense that bridges the gap between non-specific and specific.

A

complement system

89
Q

The complement system triggers four processes:

A

chemotaxis, opsonization, cytolysis, inflammation

90
Q

Coding process that cause proteins to stick to the surface of microbes that allows the white blood cell to adhere:

A

opsonization

91
Q

____ calls more white blood cells to the area of infection.

A

chemotaxis

92
Q

Network of proteins act like enzymes and eat through the cell membrane of the bacteria which allows other inflammatory chemicals to enter the bacteria to kill it:

A

cytolysis

93
Q

Actual killing process of the complement system

A

cytolysis

94
Q

Secondary effect of the complement system:

A

inflammation

95
Q

The third line of defense is specific immunity which is provided by the:

A

T cells and B cells

96
Q

T cells and B cells respond to an:

A

antigen

97
Q

What, by definition, triggers an immune response:

A

antigen

98
Q

Term for the ability of the T cells and B cells to recognize, destroy, and clear an antigen from the body:

A

immunocompetence

99
Q

Immunocompetence has to be ____.

A

learned (genetic process)

100
Q

DNA programed to fight a known antigen:

A

immunomemory

101
Q

Immunomemory is only developed by ____ immunity.

A

specific

102
Q

Humoral or antibody mediated immunity is provided by:

A

B cells

103
Q

In order to a T cell and B cell to become active, they have to recognize the_____.

A

antigen

104
Q

What kind of cell presents an antigen to the T cell or B cell?

A

APC - antigen presenting cell

105
Q

APC cells are examples of (types of cells):

A

dendritic cells, langerhan cells, and macrophage

106
Q

Two processes that begin when a T cell is activated:

A

proliferation (cell undergoes mitosis to increase numbers), and differentiation (cells break off into group for specific jobs)

107
Q

Term for a cell undergoing mitosis so it increases in number and they are each genetically identical clones:

A

proliferation

108
Q

Four types of T cells produced by differentiation:

A

T helper, cytotoxic T cells, T suppressor cells, T memory cells

109
Q

Major coordinator for most of the immune processes by T cells and B cells

A

T helper cells

110
Q

What kind of cell is attacked by the HIV virus?

A

T helper cells

111
Q

Which T cell is a killer cell?

A

Cytotoxic T cell

112
Q

The cytotoxic T cell releases:

A

perforin and lymphotoxin

113
Q

What kind of T cell tries to reduce/inhibit the immune response which prevents the positive feedback mechanism from getting out of control?

A

T suppressor cell

114
Q

What are the antagonistic T cells?

A

T helper cells and T suppressor cells

115
Q

When the immune system is not inhibited it can begin to attack its own tissues which results in:

A

autoimmune disease

116
Q

Which T cell never leaves the lymph node as it waits for the next antigen to enter?

A

T memory cell (of the previous infection)

117
Q

The immune process is started by the _____ cell:

A

antigen presenting cell

118
Q

Plasma cells are the mature ____ that produce antibodies.

A

B cells

119
Q

What kind of B cells produce antibodies that ultimately kill an antigen?

A

plasma cells

120
Q

Protein that is designed to attach to and bind to an antigen:

A

antibody

121
Q

Immunoglobulins are:

A

antibodies

122
Q

Five groups of antibodies:

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD (GAMED)

123
Q

IgG

A

most common, able to cross placenta

124
Q

IgA

A

in body fluids–concentrated in mucous, tears, saliva, colostrum–antibody protection near the surface of the body

125
Q

IgM

A

agglutination

126
Q

IgE

A

alert mast cells and basophils to release histamine which can produce allergy symptoms

127
Q

IgD

A

stimulate B cells to produce antibodies

128
Q

Antibody structure is ___ shaped with____chains.

A

Y; amino acid

129
Q

The constant region of the antibody:

A

stem (determines what class it is)

130
Q

Variable region of an antibody is where the____binds.

A

antigen

131
Q

Changing the amino acid sequence of the antibody so it can become adapted to whatever shape the ____ is so that it can become eradicated.

A

antigen

132
Q

Term for the process where a person produces antibodies in response to the presence of an antigen:

A

active immunity

133
Q

Term for the process where a person receives antibodies by another individual:

A

passive immunity

134
Q

Breastmilk for the infant is an example of what kind of immunity?

A

passive immunity

135
Q

Active immunity develops:

A

immunomemory

136
Q

A vaccine is an example of what kind of immunity?

A

passive immunity

137
Q

Getting chicken pox and being later exposed but not getting chicken pox again is an example of:

A

active immunity

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