Respiratory (Lecture) Flashcards
The respiratory system supports what function:
cellular respiration: oxygen in during inspiration and C2 and H2O out during expiration
C6H12O2+O2 yields CO2+H2O+ATP
formula for cellular respiration
Exchange of gases:
respiration
Gas exchange between atmosphere and alveoli:
pulmonary ventilation
gas exchange between alveoli and blood:
external respiration
gas exchange between the blood and the tissues/cells:
internal respiration
In order to continually produce ATP what has to take place:
pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration
Another function is the production of voice which is controlled by the:
larynx
Three basic functions of the respiratory system:
maintain cellular respiration, voice, regulate blood pH
Features of nasal cavity: Nasal conchae (superior, middle, inferior)/turbinates:
allow the air to increase in temperature, turbulence created cause small particles to stick to mucous membranes to cleanse the air, air is humidified–more of a vapor which prevents the lungs from drying out
throat:
pharynx
Three sections of pharynx:
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Food and air have to separate at the:
laryngopharynx
Specialized muscles in the throat:
constrictors (guide food to the esophagus and not the trachea)
What kind of cartilage is the epiglottis made up of:
elastic cartilage
What structure closes the opening into the trachea?
epiglottis
What is the function of the epiglottis?
Prevents food from entering the lower airway
Vocal cords are located in the:
larynx
Nasal cavity to larynx is the:
upper respiratory tract
Trachea down to lungs:
lower respiratory tract
Tracheal rings are made of:
hyaline cartilage
The hyaline cartilage that makes up the tracheal rings provides:
rigidity so the lumen can stay open and not collapse
Lumen of the trachea is made of:
pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
Cilia of the trachea produce:
mucous to cleanse the air of debris
Cilia move in an ____ direction until it gets to the throat which sends the contaminated mucous to the ____ and the _____.
upward; esophagus; digestive tract
Upward movement caused by the cilia lining the trachea:
mucociliary escalator
Trachea branches to:
bronchiole tree
What conducts air to the alveoli:
bronchioles
Structural and functional unit of the lungs:
alveoli
Structure that connects the pulmonary system to the vascular system:
alveoli
Ventilation and external respiration intersect at the _____.
alveoli
The _____ alveolar cell allows diffusion process of exchange to occur with very little resistance.
squamous
What type of cell in the alveoli produce a fluid called surfactant:
great alveolar cells/septal cells
surface acting agent:
surfactant (soapy/lipid substance)
What decreases surface tension within the alveoli?
surfactant (allows uninterrupted ventilation)
What does surfactant do?
prevents H2O molecules from forming hydrogen bonds which could prevent the alveoli from re-expanding and can lead to a collapsed lung/partially collapsed lung
What kind of cell in the alveoli phagocytize foreign particles so the blood doesn’t become contaminated?
alveolar macrophage (dust cell)
Alveoli also contain ____ tissue so they easily expand and contract.
elastic
Area where gas exchange between alveoli and blood vessels (capillary) occur:
respiratory membrane
Parts of the respiratory membrane:
squamous alveolar cell, shared basement membrane, capillary endothelial cell
Three methods for carrying CO2 through the blood:
dissolving CO2 (least efficient way: only 7%), CO2 attaches to hemoglobin (increases amount carried: 32%), chemical reaction between CO2 + water with enzyme CAH, product is converted to H2CO3 (carbonic acid)–eventually produces bicarbonate which acts as a buffer for pH balance (accounts for 70% of CO2 transported)
When CO2 attaches to hemoglobin on the protein chain:
carb-amino-hemoglobin
O2 transport methods:
able to dissolve some O2 into the plasma (1-2%), O2 attaches to hemoglobin and form oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) (98-99% of oxygen transported this way)
Oxygen and hemoglobin form a chemical bond called:
coordinate bond (special type of covalent bond)
Process of breaking the chemical bond holding oxygen to hemoglobin so it can diffuse into the tissues:
oxygen dissociation
As metabolic rate increases, the more ____ we need to diffuse into the tissues.
O2
Factors that increase oxyhemoglobin dissociation:
lowering pH, increase temperature, increased chemical BPG, increased CO2
BPG
biphosphoglycerate
Any stimulant increases the production of ____.
BPG which causes an increase in oxygen dissociation
Main hormone for fight or flight:
epinephrine
Hormone that increases BPG:
thyroid, growth, epinephrine
hypothyroid means ____ oxygen is getting to the tissues.
less
Increased ____ causes more oxygen to be released from ____ and enter the tissues and produce more ____.
BPG; hemoglobin; ATP
Bohr Effect
increased CO2 increases oxygen dissociation
increased metabolism, increases _____ production:
CO2
The pressure and volume are inversely related:
Boyle’s Law
Primary area of nervous system control of breathing:
brain stem: medulla, pons, midbrain
Term for the group of neurons in the medulla responsible for the rhythmical pattern of breathing:
medullary rhythmicity area (inhalation and exhalation processes)
A complete respiration is:
one inhalation, one exhalation (controlled by medullary rhythmicity center)
Area in pons that trigger inhalation and exhalation:
apneustic area and pneumotaxic area
apneustic area triggers:
inhalation
pneumotaxic area triggers:
exhalation
What turns on and off the apneustic and pneumotaxic areas:
medullary rhythmicity area
