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Anatomy and Physiology > Respiratory (Lecture) > Flashcards

Respiratory (Lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

The respiratory system supports what function:

A

cellular respiration: oxygen in during inspiration and C2 and H2O out during expiration

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2
Q

C6H12O2+O2 yields CO2+H2O+ATP

A

formula for cellular respiration

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3
Q

Exchange of gases:

A

respiration

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4
Q

Gas exchange between atmosphere and alveoli:

A

pulmonary ventilation

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5
Q

gas exchange between alveoli and blood:

A

external respiration

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6
Q

gas exchange between the blood and the tissues/cells:

A

internal respiration

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7
Q

In order to continually produce ATP what has to take place:

A

pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration

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8
Q

Another function is the production of voice which is controlled by the:

A

larynx

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9
Q

Three basic functions of the respiratory system:

A

maintain cellular respiration, voice, regulate blood pH

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10
Q

Features of nasal cavity: Nasal conchae (superior, middle, inferior)/turbinates:

A

allow the air to increase in temperature, turbulence created cause small particles to stick to mucous membranes to cleanse the air, air is humidified–more of a vapor which prevents the lungs from drying out

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11
Q

throat:

A

pharynx

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12
Q

Three sections of pharynx:

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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13
Q

Food and air have to separate at the:

A

laryngopharynx

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14
Q

Specialized muscles in the throat:

A

constrictors (guide food to the esophagus and not the trachea)

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15
Q

What kind of cartilage is the epiglottis made up of:

A

elastic cartilage

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16
Q

What structure closes the opening into the trachea?

A

epiglottis

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17
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

Prevents food from entering the lower airway

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18
Q

Vocal cords are located in the:

A

larynx

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19
Q

Nasal cavity to larynx is the:

A

upper respiratory tract

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20
Q

Trachea down to lungs:

A

lower respiratory tract

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21
Q

Tracheal rings are made of:

A

hyaline cartilage

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22
Q

The hyaline cartilage that makes up the tracheal rings provides:

A

rigidity so the lumen can stay open and not collapse

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23
Q

Lumen of the trachea is made of:

A

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

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24
Q

Cilia of the trachea produce:

A

mucous to cleanse the air of debris

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25
Q

Cilia move in an ____ direction until it gets to the throat which sends the contaminated mucous to the ____ and the _____.

A

upward; esophagus; digestive tract

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26
Q

Upward movement caused by the cilia lining the trachea:

A

mucociliary escalator

27
Q

Trachea branches to:

A

bronchiole tree

28
Q

What conducts air to the alveoli:

A

bronchioles

29
Q

Structural and functional unit of the lungs:

A

alveoli

30
Q

Structure that connects the pulmonary system to the vascular system:

A

alveoli

31
Q

Ventilation and external respiration intersect at the _____.

A

alveoli

32
Q

The _____ alveolar cell allows diffusion process of exchange to occur with very little resistance.

A

squamous

33
Q

What type of cell in the alveoli produce a fluid called surfactant:

A

great alveolar cells/septal cells

34
Q

surface acting agent:

A

surfactant (soapy/lipid substance)

35
Q

What decreases surface tension within the alveoli?

A

surfactant (allows uninterrupted ventilation)

36
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

prevents H2O molecules from forming hydrogen bonds which could prevent the alveoli from re-expanding and can lead to a collapsed lung/partially collapsed lung

37
Q

What kind of cell in the alveoli phagocytize foreign particles so the blood doesn’t become contaminated?

A

alveolar macrophage (dust cell)

38
Q

Alveoli also contain ____ tissue so they easily expand and contract.

A

elastic

39
Q

Area where gas exchange between alveoli and blood vessels (capillary) occur:

A

respiratory membrane

40
Q

Parts of the respiratory membrane:

A

squamous alveolar cell, shared basement membrane, capillary endothelial cell

41
Q

Three methods for carrying CO2 through the blood:

A

dissolving CO2 (least efficient way: only 7%), CO2 attaches to hemoglobin (increases amount carried: 32%), chemical reaction between CO2 + water with enzyme CAH, product is converted to H2CO3 (carbonic acid)–eventually produces bicarbonate which acts as a buffer for pH balance (accounts for 70% of CO2 transported)

42
Q

When CO2 attaches to hemoglobin on the protein chain:

A

carb-amino-hemoglobin

43
Q

O2 transport methods:

A

able to dissolve some O2 into the plasma (1-2%), O2 attaches to hemoglobin and form oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) (98-99% of oxygen transported this way)

44
Q

Oxygen and hemoglobin form a chemical bond called:

A

coordinate bond (special type of covalent bond)

45
Q

Process of breaking the chemical bond holding oxygen to hemoglobin so it can diffuse into the tissues:

A

oxygen dissociation

46
Q

As metabolic rate increases, the more ____ we need to diffuse into the tissues.

A

O2

47
Q

Factors that increase oxyhemoglobin dissociation:

A

lowering pH, increase temperature, increased chemical BPG, increased CO2

48
Q

BPG

A

biphosphoglycerate

49
Q

Any stimulant increases the production of ____.

A

BPG which causes an increase in oxygen dissociation

50
Q

Main hormone for fight or flight:

A

epinephrine

51
Q

Hormone that increases BPG:

A

thyroid, growth, epinephrine

52
Q

hypothyroid means ____ oxygen is getting to the tissues.

A

less

53
Q

Increased ____ causes more oxygen to be released from ____ and enter the tissues and produce more ____.

A

BPG; hemoglobin; ATP

54
Q

Bohr Effect

A

increased CO2 increases oxygen dissociation

55
Q

increased metabolism, increases _____ production:

A

CO2

56
Q

The pressure and volume are inversely related:

A

Boyle’s Law

57
Q

Primary area of nervous system control of breathing:

A

brain stem: medulla, pons, midbrain

58
Q

Term for the group of neurons in the medulla responsible for the rhythmical pattern of breathing:

A

medullary rhythmicity area (inhalation and exhalation processes)

59
Q

A complete respiration is:

A

one inhalation, one exhalation (controlled by medullary rhythmicity center)

60
Q

Area in pons that trigger inhalation and exhalation:

A

apneustic area and pneumotaxic area

61
Q

apneustic area triggers:

A

inhalation

62
Q

pneumotaxic area triggers:

A

exhalation

63
Q

What turns on and off the apneustic and pneumotaxic areas:

A

medullary rhythmicity area

Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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