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A&P2 > Urinary lecture 1 > Flashcards

Urinary lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

maintaining the balance of these is critical for survival

A

fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

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2
Q

the human body is composed of

A

solid and liquid components

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3
Q

body water composition differs between men and women, and according to age and relative body fat. what are the rough guidelines for given populations?

A

infants: 73%
healthy young men: 60%
healthy young women: 50%
elderly: 45%

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4
Q

this tissue is the least hydrated

A

adipose tissue
>20% water

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5
Q

water content for skeletal tissue

A

75%

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6
Q

these 2 things make up most solid components of the body:

A

proteins and lipids

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7
Q

what are the 2 main fluid components in the human body?

A

intracellular fluid & extracellular fluid (plasma and interstitial fluid)

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8
Q

intercellular fluid (ICF)

A

compartment (2/3)
all fluid within the body’s cells

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9
Q

extracellular fluid:

A

compartment 1/3
plasma- liquid part of blood
interstitial fluid- in spaces between cells (lymph, csf, synovial fluid, aqueous and vitreous humors)

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10
Q

water serves as:

A

the universal solvent in which all solvents are dissolved

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11
Q

all body fluid consists of:

A

solvents and solutes

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12
Q

solutes:

A

electrolytes: dissociate into ions in water
nonelectrolytes: usually formed by cobalent bonds, so don’t dissociate

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13
Q

the bulk of dissolved molecules are

A

large proteins called nonelectrolytes such as phospholipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides

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14
Q

fluid movement between compartments is constant and depends on

A

osmotic and hydrostatic pressures

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15
Q

hydrostatic pressure:

A

pressure of fluid in a system (like a capillary)

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16
Q

osmotic pressure:

A

measure of the tendency of a solvent to move into a more concentrated solution

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17
Q

anything that changes solute concentration in compartment leads to water movement

A

water follows solutes! almost always

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18
Q

osmosis occurs in most cells because

A

they have an abundance of aquaporins in their plasma membrane

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19
Q

water (solvent) mover freely between compartments of cells, however solutes:

A

depend on transport proteins

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20
Q

exchange between plasma and IF occurs where

A

across capillaries
(balance of hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure)

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21
Q

exchange between IF and ICF occurs across cell membranes and depends on

A

membrane permeability (channels and transporters)

22
Q

water balance is maintained by:

A
  1. thirst mechanism
  2. blood volume/pressure
  3. antidiuretic hormone
  4. electrolyte balance
  5. renin-angeitensin-aldosterone mechanism
  6. atrial natriuretic peptide
23
Q

dehydration:

A

leads to increased osmolaty in ECF, dry mount
stimulates thrist and activates hormonal systems working at the kidney to conserve water

24
Q

chain of events : dehydration

A
  1. excessive loss of H2- from ECF
  2. ECF osmotic pressure rises
  3. cells lose h2O to ECF by osmosis; cells shrink
25
Q

overhydration:

A

decreases input to thirst center

26
Q

overhydration : chain of events

A
  1. excessive h2O enters the ECF
  2. ECF osmotic pressure falls
  3. H2O moves into cells by osmosis, cells swell
27
Q

regulation of sodium balance

A
  1. sodium is most abundant cation in ECF
  2. only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure
  3. controls ECF volume and water distribution because water follows salt.
    Changes in Na+ levels affect plasma volume, blood pressure, and ICF and IF volumes!
    Regulating dietary sodium intake is a major strategy in control of blood pressure
28
Q

T/F regulating dietary sodium is a strategy for controlling blood pressure

A

true

29
Q

blood and tissue pH is maintained over a very small range:

A

normal arterial pH 7.35-7.45

30
Q

each digit jump in pH represents this change in hydrogen ion concentration

A

10-fold change in hydrogen ion concentration

31
Q

higher number on the pH scale have

A

lower hydrogen concentration (H+)

32
Q

this system is the bodies purification plant

A

urinary system

33
Q

what are the 6 major functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. regulate total volume of water in the body and the total concentration of solutes (osmolality)
  2. regulate the concentration of ions in the extracellular fluids
  3. regulate long term acid-base balance
  4. excrete metabolic wastes and foreigns substances (drugs and toxins)
  5. producing hormones (erythropoietin, renin)
  6. converting vitamin d to its active form
34
Q

define urinary:

A

organ system responsible for water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, removals of nitrogenous wastes, urine production and excretion.
ex. urinary tract infection

35
Q

renal

A

of or related to the kidneys
ex. renal pyramids

36
Q

nephro-

A

of or related to the kidneys
ex. nephrology

37
Q

urinary organs & functions

A
  1. kidneys: filter blood and form urine
  2. ureter: long muscular tubes that transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
  3. urinary bladder: muscular organ that stores urine
  4. urethra- tube that transmits urine from bladder to exterior
38
Q

renal hilium:

A

at medial edge, is connection point for ureters, renal artery, and renal vein, lympthatic, and nerves

39
Q

the kidneys are supported by 3 layers of tissue

A
  1. fibrous capsule: thin layer of dense regular connective tissue surrounding the kidney
  2. renal fascia: outer dense fibrous connective tissue anchoring kidney to surrounding structures
  3. perirenal fat capsule: fatty mass that protects kidney
40
Q

the internal structure of kidney includes:

A

outer cortex & inner medulla

41
Q

renal cortex

A

superficial layer with granular appearance

42
Q

Renal Medulla

A

Medullary (renal) pyramids – cone-
shaped tissue that appear striped due to parallel bundles of urine collecting tubes and capillaries
* Renal Columns – inward extensions of cortex separating pyramids
* Lobes – pyramid surrounded by cortical tissue

43
Q

The Kidneys have a rich blood supply

A
  • receive one-fourth of total cardiac output (about 1200 ml/min)
  • Renal artery is a branch of abdominal aorta: branches to every lobe
  • Branches into cortex send an Afferent Arteriole to each nephron
  • Venous blood collected into renal vein and sent to inferior vena cava
44
Q

nephron:

A

basic structural and functional unit of the kidney

45
Q

what are the 2 parts of the nephron

A
  1. renal copuscle : responsible for filtering the blood and forming pre urine
  2. renal tuble: adjusts contents of pre-urine to form urine.
46
Q

functions of the renal tube:

A
  1. removes 99% of water from preurine and returns it to the blood
  2. concentrates urine
  3. adjusts ion levels
  4. adjusts pH
47
Q

collecting duct:

A

multiple nephrons empty here and each renal pyramid will have many ducts

48
Q

calyces:

A

funnel final urine from collecting ducts toward renal pelvis

49
Q

chain of events: renal pelvis

A

Urine drains continuously from papilla of renal pyramids and empties into a minor calyx
* Several minor calyces drain into a major calyx
* 3-5 major calyces drain into the renal pelvis
* Urine leaves the kidney at the point where the renal pelvis becomes the ureter

50
Q

urine passes through urinary system: order of events.

A
  • Kidneys form urine continuously – collected by renal pelvis which drains into ureter
  • Ureters deliver urine to urinary bladder
  • Urinary bladder stores urine until time for urination
  • During urination, urine leaves bladder through urethra and out of body
51
Q

ureters:

A

deliver urine to urinary bladder

52
Q

urinary bladder:

A

stores urine until time for urination

A&P2 (11 decks)

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