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A&P2 > Lab11 > Flashcards

Lab11 Flashcards

1
Q

Digestion:

A

a catabolic process that break down large food molecules to monomers.

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2
Q

monomers:

A

chemical building blocks

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3
Q

digestion is accomplished by…

A

enzymes secreted into the lumen of the alimentary canal or GI tract by accessory glands

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4
Q

enzymatic breakdown of any food molecule is hydrolsis because

A

it involves adding a water molecule to each molecular bond to be broken.

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5
Q

most digestion occurs in the..

A

small intestine

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6
Q

how to pancreatic enzymes help digestion.

A

they break larger chemicals into smaller pieces, that than get broken down into individual componnets by the intestinal brush border enzymes.

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7
Q

_____ neutralizes the acidic chyme that enters the small intestine from the stomach.

A
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8
Q

what two things are necessary for efficient fat breakdown?

A

pancreatic juice and bile

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9
Q

absorption:

A

the process of moving substances from the lumen of the gut into the body

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10
Q

what prevents substances from moving between cells of the epithelia?

A

tight junctions join the epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa.

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11
Q

how do materials pass through epithelial cells

A

enter its apical membrane and pass to the interstitial fluid on the other side of the cell.

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12
Q

what happens once material makes it to the interstitial fluid of a cell

A

substances diffuse into blood capillaries

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13
Q

from the capillary blood in the villus, substances are transported to the liver via the …

A

hepatic portal vein

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14
Q

lipid digestion is different because…

A

some lipid digestion products enter the lacteal in the villus to be carried via the lymphatic fluid to the blood.

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15
Q

nonpolar substances

A

lipid soluble

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16
Q

which substances can dissolve in the lipid core of the membrane and be absorbed passively through simple diffusion?
why.

A

nonpolar (lipid soluble) substances
because of the structure of the plasma membrane

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17
Q

how do substances (other than lipid soluble) get transported through the plasma cell membrane?

A

carrier mechanism

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18
Q

most nutrients are absorbed by active transport driven directly or indirectly (secondarily) by

A

metabolic energy (ATP)

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19
Q

enzymes:

A

digest small particles into components that can be absorbed.

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20
Q

what is proteins chemical monomer?

A

amino acids

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21
Q

what is carbohydrates chemical monomer?

A

monosaccarides

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22
Q

what is triglycerides (fats) monomer:

A

free fatty acids and monoglycerides

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23
Q

Pepsin is the only digestive enzyme that is maximally active at

A

acidic pH.

24
Q

pepsin cleaves proteins into :

A

peptide fragments and small amount of individual amino acids

25
Q

peptide:

A

a compound of two or more amino acids linked in a chain

26
Q

what happens when chyme is neutralized in the duedenum?

A

pepsin is denatured

27
Q

which organ supplies most of the enzymes used in digestion?

A

pancreas
exocrine part of the pancreas produces and secretes most of the digestive enzymes

28
Q

neither amalyse or pepsin is required for digestion

A

pancreatic enzymes alone are sufficient

29
Q

pancreatic lipase is essential for
what will happen without it?

A

fat digestion
malabsorption

30
Q

which dietary component cannot be digested and absorbed by human?

A

cellulose:
a polysaccaride in fruits and vegetables.
dietary fiber

31
Q

where is most of the water absorbed in the GI tract?

A

small intestine

32
Q

salt and water may be absorbed through what 2 forms of transport?

A

trancellular: through intestinal epithelial cells
paracellular transport: through leaky tight junctions between cells.

33
Q

which form of transport is passive and keeps the total osmolarity of intestinal contents to the osmolarity of blood plasma

A

paracellular transport

34
Q

brush border enzymes:

A

enzymes located in the brush border (microvilli of small intestine) that break down starch and dissacarides

because

only monosacharides are absorbed

35
Q

brush border:

A

microvilli of epithelial cells of the small intestine (apical surface)

36
Q

what is the purpose of microvilli on epithelial cells in small intestine?

A

greatly increase surface area for absorption

37
Q

after proteins, peptides from pepsin digestion, proteins from sloughed cells, and enzymes enter the small intestine for digestion these 4 things continue protein digestion in the lumen.

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, caboxypeptidace, and major pancreatic proteases.
these enzymes are maximally active at pH 7.

38
Q

what is the most abundant dietary fat?

A

triglycerides

39
Q

triglycerides are made from:

A

a glycerol molecule and three attached fatty acids
(short, medium, or long chains of carbon and hydrogen)

40
Q

what breaks down triglycerides?

A

pancreatic lipase
maximally active at pH7

41
Q

which compound results in the emulsification of fats?

A

bile salts

42
Q

which enzyme breaks down fat into the chemical building blocks?

A

lipase

43
Q

since fat molecules are insoluble in water, they tend to aggregate in large drops, leaving little surface area of lipase to work.
what process is utilized to change this?

A

segmentation in the small intestine breaks the larger drops into smaller drops and disperses them throughout the chyme.

44
Q

emulsification:

A

a process in which large lipid globules are broken down into several small lipid globules.
these small globules are widely distributed in the chyme rather than forming large aggregates
(shaking water and oil)

45
Q

the function of bile is related to their function:

A

hydrophobic on one side, hydrophilic on the other side

46
Q

most absorption of dietary nutrients occurs in the small intestine. which breakdown of products of digestion can cross the plasma membrane of small intestine epithelial cells by simple diffusion?

A

monoglycerides and free fatty acids
(nonpolar molecules that are lipid soluble)

47
Q

triglycerides are reassembled inside of the cell and packaged into …

A

chylomicrons that are coated with lipoproteins to keep them emulsified

48
Q

lipoproteins:

A

soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma

49
Q

chylomicrons:

A

large triglyceride-rich lipoproteins produced in enterocytes from dietary lipids.
namely fatty acids and cholesterol

50
Q

chylomicrons leave the cell by exocytosis. since they are too large to pass through the basement membrane of the capillaries, they enter lymph vessels called _____.

A

lacteals

51
Q

what is the correct substrate for proteases?

A

proteins (or peptides)

52
Q

what is the correct substrate for proteases?

A

proteins (or peptides)

53
Q

which major process involves removing nutrients and water from the lumen of the GI tract and delivering them to blood or lymph?

A

absorption

54
Q

most nutrients are absorbed into blood capillaries, and travel to the liver by way of the hepatic portal vein, most fats, however, are too large to be absorbed into blood capillaries and instead are absorbed into the larger _____.

A

lacteals

55
Q

where does segmentation occur?

A

small intestine
(only organ who does this)
purpose is mixing food with enzymes and bringing it close to intestinal walls.

55
Q

where does segmentation occur?

A

small intestine
(only organ who does this)
purpose is mixing food with enzymes and bringing it close to intestinal walls.

56
Q

how would you classify chewing food?

A

mechanical breakdown

A&P2 (11 decks)

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