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A&P2 > Lab 8 > Flashcards

Lab 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the male urethra?

A
  1. prostatic urethra
  2. membranous urethra
  3. spongy/ penile urethra
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2
Q

The prostrate urethra passes through

A

the prostate gland

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3
Q

the membranous urethra (intermediate part of the urethra) passes through

A

the urogenital diaphragm

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4
Q

the spongy/ penile urethra passes through

A

the length of the penis
travels within the corpus spongiosum

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5
Q

define: corpus spongiosum

A

the column of erectile tissue which the penile urethra passes through

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6
Q

what is the function of the urethra

A

transport of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

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7
Q

how can you distinguish histological slide of ureter vs urinary bladder?

A

ureter has a larger lumen

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8
Q

the ureter and urinary bladder have a special type of stratified epithelium called

A

transitional epithelium

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9
Q

transitional epithelium:

A

special stratified epithelium found in the ureter and urinary bladder.
- the most superficial layer (apical layer of cells) made up of special dome shaped cells: rounded up with the bladder and ureter are relaxed/ empty, and flatten when the blad. and ure. are stretched/ full of urine.

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10
Q

detrusor muscle:

A
  • made up of 3 layers of smooth muscle in the bladder wall
  • helps in emptying the bladder during urination
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11
Q

micturition reflex:

A

bladder-bladder contraction reflex
urination.

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12
Q

What type of epithelium is this?

A

transitional epithelium

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13
Q

what is the special name given for the three layers of smooth muscle in the wall of the bladder?

A

detrusor muscle

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14
Q

what region of the urethra runs through the penis and opens at its tip?

A

spongy urethra

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15
Q

the spongy urethra is labeled ___

A

C.

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16
Q

female urethra is labeled ____

A

D.

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17
Q

3 openings (orifices) of the female pelvis

A
  1. anterior : urethra
  2. middle : vagina
  3. posterior : rectum
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18
Q

which region of the kidney is in contact with the fibrous capsule?

A

renal cortex

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19
Q

a major calyx is a branch of which anatomical structure?

A

renal pelvis

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20
Q

major branches of the renal pelvis?

A

major calyces

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21
Q

smaller branches of the renal pelvis are called ______ and contact the _____

A

minor calyces, renal papillae

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22
Q

where does the kidney filter the blood?

A

renal corpuscle

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23
Q

what is the function of the renal pelvis?

A

collects newly formed urine

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24
Q

filtration occurs in which part of the kidney

A

the renal cortex

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25
Q

processing of the filtrate occurs in which part of the kidney

A

renal tubules

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26
Q

urine exits the renal pyramids directly into the

A

minor calyces

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27
Q

describe the process of formation and elimination of urine (include names of structures)

A

Filtration occurs in the renal cortex, processing of the filtrate occurs within the renal tubules which pass through the medulla. Urine exits the renal pyramids into the minor calyces, then major calyces, then renal pelvis, where it will be conveyed to the urinary bladder by the ureter.

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28
Q

place the urinary system structures in correct order to demonstrate the path that fluid flows from formation to elimination

A

renal cortex, renal medulla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter

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29
Q

corticomedullary junction (corticomedullary border)

A

where the wide base of a renal pyramid (the edge of the medulla) meets the cortex

30
Q

two distinct regions of the kidneys:

A
  1. outer: renal cortex
  2. inner: renal medulla
31
Q

extensions of the renal cortex that project into the medulla and subdivide it into renal pyramids:

A

renal columns.

32
Q

an adult kidney contains how many renal pyramids?

A

8-15

33
Q

renal papilla:

A

tip (medially directed apex) of the renal pyramid

34
Q

The human kidney can be divided into how many lobes?

A

8-15 renal lobes

35
Q

A renal lobe consists of:

A
  1. a renal pyramid
  2. portions of renal columns (adjacent and both dies of pyramid)
  3. renal cortex (external to pyramid base)
36
Q

renal sinus:

A

serves as a urine drainage area.
(medially located)
contains: minor calyces, major calyces, and a renal pelvis.

37
Q

each of the 8-15 funnel shaped minor calyces is associated with a ….

A

renal pyramid

38
Q

function of the minor calyces:

A

collect urine that flows from the collecting ducts that collect urine from nephrons.
several minor calyces meet to form a major calyx.

39
Q

how many major calyces does a kidney typically contain

A

2-3

40
Q

major calyces merge to form a large, funnel shaped…..

A

renal pelvis

41
Q

the renal pelvis merges at the medial edge of the kidney with the….

A

ureter

42
Q

renal arteries, renal veins, lymph vessels, nerves, and variable amount of fat are housed where?

A

within the space around the renal pelvis

43
Q

which blood vessel brings high pressure oxygenated blood into the hilium of the kidney for filtration and cleansing?

A

renal artery

44
Q

the renal arteries:

A

branches of the aorta
deliver 1/4 of total cardiac output to the kidneys
(1200 ml/min.) for filtration.
oxygenated blood also supplies kidneys with oxygen and nutrients for tissues to maintain metabolic needs.

45
Q

the renal arteries enter the kidneys at the _____ and branch into how many segmental arteries?

A

hilium, 5 segmental arteries

46
Q

which region of the kidney is most superficial?

A

renal cortex

47
Q

renal copuscles are found where?

A

renal cortex
(renal cortex appears bumpy/ granular because of their presence)

48
Q

what forms the renal corpuscle?

A

glomerular capsule and glomerular capillaries.
aka
bowmans capsule and glomerulus

49
Q

where does filtration take place?

A

the renal corpuscle

50
Q

describe filtration process in the renal corpuscle

A
  1. blood enters the glomerular capillary bed from the afferent arteriole.
  2. blood plasma is pushed (filtered) through specialized membrane that line the glo. capillary
  3. plasm filtrate collected within the space of the capsule and flows into the
  4. proximal convoluted tubule (forming eventual waste: urine)
51
Q

the glomerular capillaries are which type of capillary? why?

A

fenestrated
to allow all blood components except large plasma proteins to pass through

52
Q

which part of the nephron dips deep into the renal medulla?

A

Loop of Henle
aka (nephron loop)

53
Q

which of the blood vessles leads away from the glomerular capillary?

A

efferent arteriole

54
Q

efferent arteriole:

A

carries blood away from the gomerulus

55
Q

afferent arteriole:

A

brings blood into the glomerulus (glomerular capillary bed)

56
Q

which structure surrounds the renal papilla and collects urine that drains from the renal pyramids?

A

minor clayx

57
Q

the renal pyramids appear striped because:

A

they are formed by parallel bundles of microscopic nephron loops, urine collecting ducts, and straight blood vessels.

58
Q

which type of nephron has long loops of Henle that extend deep into the renal medulla?

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

59
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons play an important role in the kidneys ability to

A

produce concentrated urine.
long nephron loops invade the medulla

60
Q

which portion of the nephron tubule is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium with lots of microvilli?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

61
Q

PCT

A

proximal convoluted tubule is responsible for reabsorbing all glucose and amino acids that are filtered out of the blood and 65% of Na+ and water.
otherwise we would lose valuable nutrients and chemicals to urine

62
Q

how does the glomerulus differ from other capillaries?

A

it is both fed and drained by arterioles

63
Q

trace blood through the kidneys

A
64
Q

cortical nephrons account for ____ percent of nephrons

A

85%

65
Q

which part of the renal tubule is lined with cuboidal epithelial cells bordered by dense microvilli?

A

proximal convoluted tubule.

66
Q

vasa recta

A

long, straight capillaires that follow the long loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons as they travel deep into the medulla.
supply oxygen and nutrients to the tissues through which they pass (renal medulla.)
also play role in forming concentrated urine

67
Q

podocytes

A

specialized cells that make up the visceral layter of the glomerula (bowmans capsule)
these cells have foot processes that wrap around the glomerula capillary bed and form part of fitration membrane.

68
Q

what is located between the parietal and visceral layers of bowmans capsule?

A

capsular space
(where filtrate ends up when blood is filtered in the renal corpuscle)

69
Q

what accumulates in the capsular space

A

ultra (filtrate of blood)

70
Q

what accumulates in the capsular space

A

ultra (filtrate of blood)

71
Q

what structures make uo the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

A

macula densa and granular cells (JG cells)

72
Q

macula densa:

A

part of the distal convoluted tubule
monitier the osmolarity of the filtrate as it passes through DCT

A&P2 (11 decks)

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