Lab 8 Flashcards
What are the 3 parts of the male urethra?
- prostatic urethra
- membranous urethra
- spongy/ penile urethra
The prostrate urethra passes through
the prostate gland
the membranous urethra (intermediate part of the urethra) passes through
the urogenital diaphragm
the spongy/ penile urethra passes through
the length of the penis
travels within the corpus spongiosum
define: corpus spongiosum
the column of erectile tissue which the penile urethra passes through
what is the function of the urethra
transport of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
how can you distinguish histological slide of ureter vs urinary bladder?
ureter has a larger lumen
the ureter and urinary bladder have a special type of stratified epithelium called
transitional epithelium
transitional epithelium:
special stratified epithelium found in the ureter and urinary bladder.
- the most superficial layer (apical layer of cells) made up of special dome shaped cells: rounded up with the bladder and ureter are relaxed/ empty, and flatten when the blad. and ure. are stretched/ full of urine.
detrusor muscle:
- made up of 3 layers of smooth muscle in the bladder wall
- helps in emptying the bladder during urination
micturition reflex:
bladder-bladder contraction reflex
urination.
What type of epithelium is this?
transitional epithelium
what is the special name given for the three layers of smooth muscle in the wall of the bladder?
detrusor muscle
what region of the urethra runs through the penis and opens at its tip?
spongy urethra
the spongy urethra is labeled ___
C.
female urethra is labeled ____
D.
3 openings (orifices) of the female pelvis
- anterior : urethra
- middle : vagina
- posterior : rectum
which region of the kidney is in contact with the fibrous capsule?
renal cortex
a major calyx is a branch of which anatomical structure?
renal pelvis
major branches of the renal pelvis?
major calyces
smaller branches of the renal pelvis are called ______ and contact the _____
minor calyces, renal papillae
where does the kidney filter the blood?
renal corpuscle
what is the function of the renal pelvis?
collects newly formed urine
filtration occurs in which part of the kidney
the renal cortex
processing of the filtrate occurs in which part of the kidney
renal tubules
urine exits the renal pyramids directly into the
minor calyces
describe the process of formation and elimination of urine (include names of structures)
Filtration occurs in the renal cortex, processing of the filtrate occurs within the renal tubules which pass through the medulla. Urine exits the renal pyramids into the minor calyces, then major calyces, then renal pelvis, where it will be conveyed to the urinary bladder by the ureter.
place the urinary system structures in correct order to demonstrate the path that fluid flows from formation to elimination
renal cortex, renal medulla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
corticomedullary junction (corticomedullary border)
where the wide base of a renal pyramid (the edge of the medulla) meets the cortex
two distinct regions of the kidneys:
- outer: renal cortex
- inner: renal medulla
extensions of the renal cortex that project into the medulla and subdivide it into renal pyramids:
renal columns.
an adult kidney contains how many renal pyramids?
8-15
renal papilla:
tip (medially directed apex) of the renal pyramid
The human kidney can be divided into how many lobes?
8-15 renal lobes
A renal lobe consists of:
- a renal pyramid
- portions of renal columns (adjacent and both dies of pyramid)
- renal cortex (external to pyramid base)
renal sinus:
serves as a urine drainage area.
(medially located)
contains: minor calyces, major calyces, and a renal pelvis.
each of the 8-15 funnel shaped minor calyces is associated with a ….
renal pyramid
function of the minor calyces:
collect urine that flows from the collecting ducts that collect urine from nephrons.
several minor calyces meet to form a major calyx.
how many major calyces does a kidney typically contain
2-3
major calyces merge to form a large, funnel shaped…..
renal pelvis
the renal pelvis merges at the medial edge of the kidney with the….
ureter
renal arteries, renal veins, lymph vessels, nerves, and variable amount of fat are housed where?
within the space around the renal pelvis
which blood vessel brings high pressure oxygenated blood into the hilium of the kidney for filtration and cleansing?
renal artery
the renal arteries:
branches of the aorta
deliver 1/4 of total cardiac output to the kidneys
(1200 ml/min.) for filtration.
oxygenated blood also supplies kidneys with oxygen and nutrients for tissues to maintain metabolic needs.
the renal arteries enter the kidneys at the _____ and branch into how many segmental arteries?
hilium, 5 segmental arteries
which region of the kidney is most superficial?
renal cortex
renal copuscles are found where?
renal cortex
(renal cortex appears bumpy/ granular because of their presence)
what forms the renal corpuscle?
glomerular capsule and glomerular capillaries.
aka
bowmans capsule and glomerulus
where does filtration take place?
the renal corpuscle
describe filtration process in the renal corpuscle
- blood enters the glomerular capillary bed from the afferent arteriole.
- blood plasma is pushed (filtered) through specialized membrane that line the glo. capillary
- plasm filtrate collected within the space of the capsule and flows into the
- proximal convoluted tubule (forming eventual waste: urine)
the glomerular capillaries are which type of capillary? why?
fenestrated
to allow all blood components except large plasma proteins to pass through
which part of the nephron dips deep into the renal medulla?
Loop of Henle
aka (nephron loop)
which of the blood vessles leads away from the glomerular capillary?
efferent arteriole
efferent arteriole:
carries blood away from the gomerulus
afferent arteriole:
brings blood into the glomerulus (glomerular capillary bed)
which structure surrounds the renal papilla and collects urine that drains from the renal pyramids?
minor clayx
the renal pyramids appear striped because:
they are formed by parallel bundles of microscopic nephron loops, urine collecting ducts, and straight blood vessels.
which type of nephron has long loops of Henle that extend deep into the renal medulla?
juxtamedullary nephrons
juxtamedullary nephrons play an important role in the kidneys ability to
produce concentrated urine.
long nephron loops invade the medulla
which portion of the nephron tubule is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium with lots of microvilli?
proximal convoluted tubule
PCT
proximal convoluted tubule is responsible for reabsorbing all glucose and amino acids that are filtered out of the blood and 65% of Na+ and water.
otherwise we would lose valuable nutrients and chemicals to urine
how does the glomerulus differ from other capillaries?
it is both fed and drained by arterioles
trace blood through the kidneys
cortical nephrons account for ____ percent of nephrons
85%
which part of the renal tubule is lined with cuboidal epithelial cells bordered by dense microvilli?
proximal convoluted tubule.
vasa recta
long, straight capillaires that follow the long loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons as they travel deep into the medulla.
supply oxygen and nutrients to the tissues through which they pass (renal medulla.)
also play role in forming concentrated urine
podocytes
specialized cells that make up the visceral layter of the glomerula (bowmans capsule)
these cells have foot processes that wrap around the glomerula capillary bed and form part of fitration membrane.
what is located between the parietal and visceral layers of bowmans capsule?
capsular space
(where filtrate ends up when blood is filtered in the renal corpuscle)
what accumulates in the capsular space
ultra (filtrate of blood)
what accumulates in the capsular space
ultra (filtrate of blood)
what structures make uo the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
macula densa and granular cells (JG cells)
macula densa:
part of the distal convoluted tubule
monitier the osmolarity of the filtrate as it passes through DCT
