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A&P2 > Exam3: skin > Flashcards

Exam3: skin Flashcards

1
Q

all of the following are true except:
a. Skin is the least vulnerable organ in the body
b. Skin is the largest organ in the body
c. Skin helps to regulate temperature of the body
d. Skin provides a barrier between the internal body and external world

A

A.

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2
Q

why are third degree burns serious and dangerous to the patient?

A

most serious burns because they involve all layers of the skin.
the nerve endings have been destroyed so the patient may feel less pain with more serious burns.

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3
Q

the integumentary system is made up of:

A

the skin and its appendages.
hair, skin, nails, certain glands, and nerves

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4
Q

what are the three layers of the skin (in order outer-inner)

A

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

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5
Q

3 key functions of the skin:

A
  1. protecting
  2. regulating
  3. sensing
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6
Q

What type of connective tissue is found in the dermis layer of skin that helps our bodies absorb shock and pressure?

A

collagen

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7
Q

the most common cell in the epidermis produces a protein called ____.

A

keratin

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8
Q

which cell type in the epidermis is involved in our sense of touch?

A

Merkel cells
(tactile epithelial cells)

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9
Q

what features of the skin help us regulate temperature?

A

Sweat glands that secrete sweat onto the surface of skin

Blood flowing through blood vessels in the dermis

Arrector pili muscles that cause hair to stand upright on the skin

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10
Q

define keratine:

A

a protective protein that is produced by skin cells and found in hair, nails, and the outer surface of the skin

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11
Q

arrector pilli muscle:

A

smooth muscle (involuntary)
a muscle that causes the heair to stand up and produce “goose bumps” when you are cold (or scared)

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12
Q

the dermis contains mostly what type of tissue?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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13
Q

in which layer would you be most likely to find adipose tissue?

A

hypodermis or subcutaneous layer

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14
Q
A

identify the arrows

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15
Q
A

identify the arrow

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16
Q
A

identify the arrows

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17
Q
A

identify the arrows

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18
Q

which of these is not a function of the hypodermis?

to insulate the body from heat loss
to store energy
to supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis
to loosely connect the skin to underlying tissue

A

to supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis

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19
Q

what is the function of sebaceous glands?

A

produces sebuem, (oily substance) coats the hairs and prevents infectious agents from penetrating the hair shaft

cell dies after secreting.

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20
Q

which structure is a type of sweat gland?

A

C.

21
Q

what is the function of structure B

A

detection of pressure stimulus

lamellar (pacinian) corpuscle that responds to deep pressure.

22
Q

what is the most common cell type in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes

23
Q

which layer of skin is cell division most common?

A

the stratum basale (germinativum).

where new epithelia cells are generated.
cells migrate up towards the dermis after being generated by mitosis in the stratum basale

24
Q

the epithelium of skin is specifically called the epidermis and can be described as

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

25
Q

Part complete
From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis of thick skin are ________.

A

stratum basale (germinativum), stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

26
Q

Part complete
The cells in this layer of epidermis are dead, and their flat, scale-like remnants are filled with keratin.

A

stratum corneum

27
Q

These glands are found all over the skin except in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. They produce an oily substance that lubricates skin and hair.

A

sebaceous

28
Q

Part complete
The ________ is the structure responsible for goose bumps.

A

arrector pili muscle

29
Q

Part complete
These cells produce a brown-to-black pigment that colors the skin and protects DNA from ultraviolet radiation damage. The cells are __________.

A

melanocytes

30
Q

define antigens:

A

any molecule that can mobilize or generate an immune response.

31
Q

what determines a persons blood type?

A

the absence or presence of certain antigens

32
Q

Blood typing is based on the presence of proteins known as __________________ on the outer surface of the red blood cell plasma membrane.

A

antigens

33
Q

Part complete
With respect to ABO and Rh blood groups, there are _______________ different blood types.

A

eight

34
Q

What determines the surface antigens on an individual’s red blood cells?

A

genetics

35
Q

Part complete
Fred’s blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean?

A

There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma.

36
Q

Part complete
When neither anti-A serum nor anti-B serum cause clumping (agglutination) of donor cells on a slide, the blood type is ________.

A

O.

37
Q

An individual who is blood type AB negative (AB-) can ________.

A

receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen

38
Q

An individual who is blood type AB negative (AB-) can ________.

A

receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen

39
Q

Part complete
Which ABO blood type is considered to be the universal recipient?

A

AB

40
Q

A person with type B blood can donate to which of the following patients?

A

A patient who has either type B blood or type AB blood

41
Q

When performing a blood-typing assay, “agglutination” or clumping would be seen in which of the following situations?

A

When type AB blood is mixed with anti-A serum and anti-B serum.

42
Q

Why is a person with type O blood called a “universal donor”?

A

Because they have no antigens on their red blood cells, their RBCs won’t cause agglutination when donated to patients with any of the other blood types.

43
Q

Which of the following transfusions would be considered incompatible and would lead to agglutination of the donated blood?

A

Donate type B blood to a recipient with type O blood

44
Q

Pigment can be found in several layers of the epidermis. In which layers would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin?

A

stratum (basale) germinativum

45
Q

Fingerprints are found in ___________ and are caused by ___________.

A

thick skin; dermal ridges

46
Q

All of the following are examples of the innate (nonspecific) internal defenses EXCEPT?

A

cells of cellular immunity

47
Q

Which type of cell displays fragments of foreign proteins on their cell surface for other immune cells to recognize?

A

antigen-presenting cells

48
Q

Which of the following events is not directly associated with inflammatory responses?

A

antibody production

49
Q

How do interferons protect against viral infection in healthy cells?

A

Interferons encourage the production of antiviral proteins.

A&P2 (11 decks)

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