Exam3: skin Flashcards
all of the following are true except:
a. Skin is the least vulnerable organ in the body
b. Skin is the largest organ in the body
c. Skin helps to regulate temperature of the body
d. Skin provides a barrier between the internal body and external world
A.
why are third degree burns serious and dangerous to the patient?
most serious burns because they involve all layers of the skin.
the nerve endings have been destroyed so the patient may feel less pain with more serious burns.
the integumentary system is made up of:
the skin and its appendages.
hair, skin, nails, certain glands, and nerves
what are the three layers of the skin (in order outer-inner)
epidermis
dermis
hypodermis
3 key functions of the skin:
- protecting
- regulating
- sensing
What type of connective tissue is found in the dermis layer of skin that helps our bodies absorb shock and pressure?
collagen
the most common cell in the epidermis produces a protein called ____.
keratin
which cell type in the epidermis is involved in our sense of touch?
Merkel cells
(tactile epithelial cells)
what features of the skin help us regulate temperature?
Sweat glands that secrete sweat onto the surface of skin
Blood flowing through blood vessels in the dermis
Arrector pili muscles that cause hair to stand upright on the skin
define keratine:
a protective protein that is produced by skin cells and found in hair, nails, and the outer surface of the skin
arrector pilli muscle:
smooth muscle (involuntary)
a muscle that causes the heair to stand up and produce “goose bumps” when you are cold (or scared)
the dermis contains mostly what type of tissue?
dense irregular connective tissue
in which layer would you be most likely to find adipose tissue?
hypodermis or subcutaneous layer
identify the arrows
identify the arrow
identify the arrows
identify the arrows
which of these is not a function of the hypodermis?
to insulate the body from heat loss
to store energy
to supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis
to loosely connect the skin to underlying tissue
to supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis
what is the function of sebaceous glands?
produces sebuem, (oily substance) coats the hairs and prevents infectious agents from penetrating the hair shaft
cell dies after secreting.
which structure is a type of sweat gland?
C.
what is the function of structure B
detection of pressure stimulus
lamellar (pacinian) corpuscle that responds to deep pressure.
what is the most common cell type in the epidermis?
keratinocytes
which layer of skin is cell division most common?
the stratum basale (germinativum).
where new epithelia cells are generated.
cells migrate up towards the dermis after being generated by mitosis in the stratum basale
the epithelium of skin is specifically called the epidermis and can be described as
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Part complete
From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis of thick skin are ________.
stratum basale (germinativum), stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
Part complete
The cells in this layer of epidermis are dead, and their flat, scale-like remnants are filled with keratin.
stratum corneum
These glands are found all over the skin except in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. They produce an oily substance that lubricates skin and hair.
sebaceous
Part complete
The ________ is the structure responsible for goose bumps.
arrector pili muscle
Part complete
These cells produce a brown-to-black pigment that colors the skin and protects DNA from ultraviolet radiation damage. The cells are __________.
melanocytes
define antigens:
any molecule that can mobilize or generate an immune response.
what determines a persons blood type?
the absence or presence of certain antigens
Blood typing is based on the presence of proteins known as __________________ on the outer surface of the red blood cell plasma membrane.
antigens
Part complete
With respect to ABO and Rh blood groups, there are _______________ different blood types.
eight
What determines the surface antigens on an individual’s red blood cells?
genetics
Part complete
Fred’s blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean?
There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma.
Part complete
When neither anti-A serum nor anti-B serum cause clumping (agglutination) of donor cells on a slide, the blood type is ________.
O.
An individual who is blood type AB negative (AB-) can ________.
receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen
An individual who is blood type AB negative (AB-) can ________.
receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen
Part complete
Which ABO blood type is considered to be the universal recipient?
AB
A person with type B blood can donate to which of the following patients?
A patient who has either type B blood or type AB blood
When performing a blood-typing assay, “agglutination” or clumping would be seen in which of the following situations?
When type AB blood is mixed with anti-A serum and anti-B serum.
Why is a person with type O blood called a “universal donor”?
Because they have no antigens on their red blood cells, their RBCs won’t cause agglutination when donated to patients with any of the other blood types.
Which of the following transfusions would be considered incompatible and would lead to agglutination of the donated blood?
Donate type B blood to a recipient with type O blood
Pigment can be found in several layers of the epidermis. In which layers would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin?
stratum (basale) germinativum
Fingerprints are found in ___________ and are caused by ___________.
thick skin; dermal ridges
All of the following are examples of the innate (nonspecific) internal defenses EXCEPT?
cells of cellular immunity
Which type of cell displays fragments of foreign proteins on their cell surface for other immune cells to recognize?
antigen-presenting cells
Which of the following events is not directly associated with inflammatory responses?
antibody production
How do interferons protect against viral infection in healthy cells?
Interferons encourage the production of antiviral proteins.
