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A&P2 > Lab9 > Flashcards

Lab9 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 main processes that nephrons use to form urine?

A

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

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2
Q

where does secretion occur?

A

can occur at different places along the length of the tubule and collecting duct.
(like reabsorption)

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3
Q

the process by which important nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and ions are removed from the filtrate an returned to the blood is called:

A

reabsorption

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4
Q

reabsorption moves substances from the ____ in the kidney and returns them to the blood in the ____. or _______

A

tubule
peritubular capillaries or vasa recta

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5
Q

what percent of the filtrate is reabsorbed?

A

99%

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6
Q

everything is filtered except…

A

blood vessels and plasma

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7
Q

what is the process in which drugs, ammonia, and H+ (hydrogen ion) are taken from the blood and put into the kidney tubule (filtrate) so that they can be eliminated from the body?

A

secretion

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8
Q

T/F
the urine that is eventually excreted from the kidneys has the exact same substances as the filtrates that was formed in the filtration process except that water is removed in the. nephron in order to concentrate urine.

A

false.
different from original filtrate because of reabsorption and secretion.

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9
Q

what is not excreted in urine?

A

glucose

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10
Q

filtration happens at

A

the glomerulus:
a ball of fenestrated capillaries located in capsule.

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11
Q

between the foot processes of the podocytes

A

filtration slits

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12
Q

wall of glomerulus

A

basal lamina
endothelial capillary wall
foot processes of podocyte

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13
Q

what forms the filtration membrane

A

basil lamina
fenestrated capillary wall
filtration slits

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14
Q

what forms the filtration membrane

A

basil lamina
fenestrated capillary wall
filtration slits

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15
Q

filtration is selective based on …

A

particle size

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16
Q

which of the following is not a component of the filtration membrane?

a. fenestrated glomerular capillaries
b. basal lamina
c. podocyte filtration slits
d. parietal epithelial cells of the glomerular capsule

A

d. parietal epithelial cells of the glomerular capsule

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17
Q

which of the following solutes are not able to pass through the filtration membrane in a healthy kidney?

a. amino acids
b. sodium ions
c. plasma proteins such as albumin
d. glucose

A

c. plasma proteins such as albumin

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18
Q

Proteinuria:

A

condition - proteins is observed in the urine.
damage to the filtration membrane and could be due to sever hypertension, heart failure, and renal disease

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19
Q

filtration slits are formed by the interdigitating processes of which type of cell?

A

podocytes

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20
Q

podocytes:

A

the cells that form the visceral layer of Bowmans capsule.
have cytoplasmic extensions that wrap around the outer surface of the glomerular capillaries.
cytoplasmic extensions have foot processes the interdigitate with each other and form spaces called filtration slits.

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21
Q

what is the name of the cell indicated

A

podocyte

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22
Q

filtration takes place at?

A

A. glomerulus.

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23
Q

what force fuels filtration?

A

hydrostatic forces:
outward: hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capsules (HPgc)
inwards: hydrostatic pressure in the capsular space (HPcs) and colloid osmotic pressure in glomerular capsules (OPgc)

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24
Q

hydrostatic forces force fluids and solutes through a porous membrane that is composed of three layers:

A
  1. fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries
  2. basement membrane
  3. filtration slits between the foot processes (pedicels) of podocytes
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25
Q

the hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (GHP or HPgc) is essentially

A

glomerular blood pressure

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26
Q

the chief outward force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane is

A

hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (GHP or HPgc)

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27
Q

the blood pressure in the glomerulues is ______ compared to other capillaries

A

extremely high

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28
Q

the inward forces inhibit filtrate formation by opposing HPgc. these forces are:

A
  1. hydrostatic pressure in the capsular space (HGcs)
  2. glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (OPgc)
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29
Q

hydrostatic pressure in the capsular space (HPcs):

A

the pressure exerted by the filtrate already in the glomerular capsule.

30
Q

CHP is much higher than the hydrostatic pressure surrounding most capillaries because

A

filtrate is confined to a smaller space (inside of the capsule) with only a narrow outlet (the first part of the proximal convoluted tubule)

31
Q

glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (OPgc):

A

the pressure exerted by the proteins in the blood in the glomerular capillaries
pulls fluids back into capillary

32
Q

the measure of filtration.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR):

A

*[the amount of filtrate that is produced by both kidneys in one minute.]

tells us whether the kidneys are doing their job, an indication of ability to clear toxic waste from the blood.

33
Q

average rate of GHP

A

50mm Hg

34
Q

NFP

A

NFP= GHP- (GCOP-CHP)

35
Q

what forces drives filtration?

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure
GHP / HPgc

36
Q

what do capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP/HPcs) and colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP/ OPgc) have in common?

A

these forces both oppose filtration

37
Q

an increase in blood pressure will cause an increase in _____

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

38
Q

GHP is largely determined by

A

systemic blood pressure

39
Q

small changes in GHP are normal homeostatic mechanisms to maintain glomerular filtration but severe hypertension can cause:

A

damage to the glomerulus and negatively impact kidney health.

40
Q

common components of glomerular filtrate:

A
  1. water
  2. ions = sodium, potassium, chloride
  3. nitrogenous waste: urea, uric acid, creatinine
  4. organic molecules: glucose, amino acids
41
Q

how might the contents of filtrate be altered if the filtration membrane is damaged or destroyed?

A
  1. increased protein (purotenia)
  2. presence of blood cells (hematuria)
42
Q

how does the concentration of substances in filtrate compare to the concentrate in blood plasma?

A

the concentration of substances in filtrate is similar to their concentration in blood plasma.

43
Q

what substances are not normally found in filtrate?

A

blood and large particles

44
Q

what is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration?

A

hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)

45
Q

if the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increases, does the net filtration increase or decrease?

A

net filtration decreases.

46
Q
A

label

47
Q

patient: failing liver.
cannot make normal levels of albumin for blood plasma.
what effect on amount of filtration produced?

A

filtration production would increase

albumin: most important contributor to the blood’s osmotic pressure. osmotic pressure drops- filtrate rate increases. (less opposition to filtration rate)

48
Q

increase in GFR does what to blood pressure

A

lowers blood pressure
(increases urine output, decreases blood volume and blood pressure)

49
Q

decrease in GFR does what to blood pressure

A

blood pressure increases
(urine output decreases, blood volume increases bc water is conserved, and blood pressure will increase)

50
Q

intrinsic control mechanisms:

A

auto-regulation mechanisms
allow the kidney to maintain a nearly constant GFR despite fluctuations in systemic arterial blood pressure to ensure that the kidney is able to filter enough blood to clear toxins and waste from the blood.

51
Q

extrinsic control mechanisms:

A

maintain blood volume and systemic blood pressure, and under extreme conditions (hemmorhage) can lead to kidney damage if homeostasis is not restored.

52
Q

GFR regulation mechanisms primarily affect which of the following?

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg)

53
Q

what are the intrinsic control mechanisms of glomerular filtration?
(aka renal autoregulation)

A

myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback

54
Q

renal autoregulation:

A

kidneys adjust its own resistance to blood flow by regulating the diameter of the afferent arterioles.

55
Q

myogenic mechanism:

A

special response from smooth muscle of afferetn arteriole.
when afferent arteriole is strectched due to high blood volume (and blood pressure) the muscle cells reflexively constrict
reduces blood flow into the glomerulus - decreasing GFR

56
Q

tubuloglomerular feedback

A

mediated by the macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
macula densa: walls of the DCT, monitor osmolarity (NaCl concentration)
if osmolarity is too high macula densa releases vasoconstritor chemical that cause intense contriction of afferent areteriole.
reduces blood flow to the glomeruls, decrease NFP and GFP.
slows doesn the flow of filtrate through the nephron and allows more time for filtrate processing and NaCl reabsorption.

57
Q

macula densa cells of the JGA regulate GFR through which intrinsic mechanims?

A

tubuloglomerular feedback

58
Q

the myogenic mechanisms of renal autoregulation primarily involve smooth muscles in which blood vessels?

A

afferent arterioles

59
Q

if afferent arteriole is constricted, what will happen to the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

GFR will decrease

60
Q

what does a high concentration of NaCl in the renal tubule at the juxtaglomerular apparateus most likely indicate?

A

insufficient NaCl reabsorption due to high GFR

61
Q

through tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism, how would increase in filtration NaCl concentration affect afferent arteriole diameter?

A

afferent arteriole diameter would decrease (constrict)

62
Q

Which cells release renin?

A

granular cells of the afferent arteriole
(also called juxtaglomerular cells) in the wall of the afferent arteriole release renin in response to low blood pressure.

62
Q

Which cells release renin?

A

granular cells of the afferent arteriole
(also called juxtaglomerular cells) in the wall of the afferent arteriole release renin in response to low blood pressure.

63
Q

Granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) regulate GFR indirectly through which mechanism?

A

renin-angiotensin mechanism

64
Q

what is the function of the macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)

A

monitoring the NaCl content of the filtrate

65
Q

which cells of the juxtaglomerular complex secrete renin?

A

granular cells

66
Q

granular cells:

A

mechanoreceptors that sense blood pressure in the afferent arterioles. they secrete renin when the blood pressure drops and are import part of RAA regulatory pathway (extrinsic control mechanism)

67
Q

glomerular filtration results in approximately ______ ml of filtrate every minute

A

120-125 ml

68
Q

glomerular filtration results in approximately ______ ml of filtrate every minute

A

120-125 ml

69
Q

almost all of the valuable things filtered in proximal tubule are reabsorbed immediately by the

A

pertibular capillary

A&P2 (11 decks)

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