Urinary, Integumentary, Nervous, & Endocrine Systems Flashcards
List the 3 major structures of the nervous system. (3)
- Central nervous system
- Peripheral nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system
What does the central nervous system include? (2)
- Brain
2. Spinal cord
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs of cranial nerves
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs of spinal nerves
What is “one or more bundles of neuron cells that connect the brain and spinal cord with other parts of the body” called?
Nuclei….?????
What kind of tract carries nerve impulses towards the brain?
Afferent tract
What does a descending tract do?
Carry information AWAY from the brain (efferent)
Define: innervation
Innervation: supply of nerves to a body part, as well as the stimulus/stimulation of a body part through nerve action
Define: receptors
Sites in the sensory organs that receive external stimulation
State the basic cell of the nervous system.
Neuron = basic cell of the nervous system
What are “afferent neurons” also known as?
Somatic sensory neurons = afferent neurons
What are “efferent neurons” also known as?
Motor neurons = efferent neurons
Differentiate between efferent (motor) and afferent (somatic sensory) neurons. (2)
- Motor neurons carry information AWAY from the brain = efferent
- Somatic sensory neurons carry information TOWARDS the brain = afferent
List 4 parts of the neuron. (4)
- Cell body
- Axon
- Myelin sheath
- Axon terminal
Define: synapse
Synapse: space between a neuron and a receptor organ
What is the space between a neuron and a receptor organ called?
Synapse
What kind of messengers are neurotransmitters?
Chemical messengers
List the 3 layers of membranes that cover and protect the central nervous system from outer to inner layers. (3)
- Dura matter → think DURABLE
- Arachnoid → spiders…
- Pia matter
Define: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Cerebrospinal fluid: clear, colourless, watery fluid which serves to nourish, cool, and cushion the brain and spinal cord from shock or injury
What is the liquid which nourishes, cools, and cushions the brain and spinal cord called?
Cerebrospinal fluid
List 4 functions of the brain (from the review). (4)
- Memory
- Thought
- Association
- Critical thinking
List the 5 major functions of the urinary system (not just the kidneys). (5)
- Acid-base balance
- Water balance
- Eliminate wastes, toxins, and drugs from the body
- Convert vitamin D to the active form
- Produce renin to regulate blood pressure
Name the 3 main electrolytes (ions) within the body. (3)
- Sodium ion
- Potassium ion
- Chloride ion
What hormone is released when blood volume drops, and what does it do? (2)
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
2. It signals the body to reabsorb more fluids
What are renal calculi and why do they form? (2)
- Kidney stones
2. Urine is too concentrated, so the solute crystalizes
Define: dysuria
Pain or discomfort when urinating
What is a transient ischemic attack?
Temporary stroke (partial stroke)
Define: urinary retention
Inability to urinate
What is a UTI and what comes out with the urine when one has a UTI? (2)
- UTI = urinary tract infection
2. Pus comes out with the urine
Define: aldosterone
Hormone that helps to regulate blood composition and blood volume
Define: acidosis
Arterial pH below 7.35 → excessive acid in the blood
Define: bowman’s capsule
Cup-shaped hollow that completely surrounds the gomerulus
Differentiate between PCT and DCT. (2)
- PCT = PROXIMAL convoluted tubule
2. DCT = DISTAL convoluted tubule
What is the loop of Henle?
Nephron loop
Define “active transport” and give an example. (2)
- Active transport: movement of substance across a membrane which requires cellular energy
- AGAINST the concentration gradient so that you can move from low → high
Define: filtrate
Fluid in the glomerular capsule; similar to blood plasma, but without protein
What does urine contain? (2)
- Nitrogenous wastes
2. Unneeded substances
Define: specific gravity
Measurement describing how much heavier or lighter something is compared to distilled water
Name the 2 sphincters that control the flow of urine. (2)
- INTERNAL urethral sphincter
2. EXTERNAL urethral sphincter
List 4 major roles of the kidney in keeping blood composition constant. (4)
- Excretion of nitrogenous wastes
- Ensuring proper blood pH
- Maintaining the water balance of the blood
- Maintaining electrolyte balance in the blood
Differentiate between the AFFERENT and EFFERENT divisions of the nervous system. (2)
- Afferent = TOWARDS the brain
2. Efferent = AWAY from the brain
What does ANS stand for and what does it regulate? (2)
- ANS = autonomic nervous system
2. Involuntary movements
What is in the urine that indicates a UTI?
Pus
What part of the brain is responsible for smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle movements?
Cerebellum
How many elements do reflex arcs have at minimum?
5 elements
What part of the brain is injured in a person with aphasia?
Left hemisphere of the bain
In what 4 circumstances are burns considered critical? (4)
- Airway damage
- Burns on the face, hands, feet, and/or genitals
- 30% of the body is covered in 2nd degree burns
- 10% of the body is covered in 3rd or 4th degree burns
Define: glycogen
Glycogen: large, polysaccharide molecule → stored energy
Define: melatonin
Hormone secreted by the pineal gland which helps regulate/induce sleep
Define: glucogon
Antagonist to insulin; hormone from the pancreas which raises blood glucose level
Give the full name for the acronyms PTH and ADH. (2)
- PTH = parathyroid hormone
2. ADH = antidiuretic hormone
Define: Graves disease
Autoimmune disease in which the thyroid produces too much thyroxine (hyperthyroidism)
Define: Addison’s disease
Condition in which one excretes large amounts of urine (polyuria) due to low aldosterone (hypoaldosteronism )
Define: diabetes insipidus
Hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone → excessive urine output
Define: humoral stimuli
Something that causes change in the blood levels of certain ions and nutrients → stimulates hormonal release
Define: anuria
Excessively low urine production (less than 100mL/ 24hrs)
Define: oliguria
Abnormally low urine production (100-400mL/ 24hrs)
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephrons
What glands produce oil and what is this oil called? (2)
- Sebaceous glands
2. Sebum → oily substance
What gland is known as the “master” endocrine gland?
Anterior pituitary gland
List the 3 main layers of skin and briefly describe their function. (3)
- Epidermis → protective rain coat
- Dermis → binds the body together
- Cutaneous → fat storage; cushioning
What is temporary brain ischemia?
Transient ischemic attack
→ brain ischemia = stroke
→ transient = does not last long = temporary
What do Schwann cells do?
Produce myelin sheaths around the nerve fibers
Define: somatic reflex
Voluntary physical action → happens near-instantly when a certain stimulus is delivered (eg. hot stove)
What kind of sensory information does the central nervous system interpret and how does it react? (2)
- Incoming sensory information
2. CNS issues instructions based on past experiences and current conditions
Define: dendrites
Extension of the nerve cells along which impulses received from other cells are transmitted to the cell body → “tail” of the neuron (like radio antennas catching radio waves)
Define: astrocytes
Star-shaped cells responsible for bracing and anchoring neurons to the blood capillaries (nutrient supply lines)
What are bundles of nerve fibers running through the central nervous system called?
Nuclei….
What are reflex arcs?
Somatic reflexes
What are meninges?
The 3 membranes that line and enclose the brain and spinal cord
Differentiate between a left-brained person and a right-brained person. (2)
- Left-brained → analytical
2. Right-brained → artistic
