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*Anatomy Reviews > Urinary, Integumentary, Nervous, & Endocrine Systems > Flashcards

Urinary, Integumentary, Nervous, & Endocrine Systems Flashcards

1
Q

List the 3 major structures of the nervous system. (3)

A
  1. Central nervous system
  2. Peripheral nervous system
  3. Autonomic nervous system
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2
Q

What does the central nervous system include? (2)

A
  1. Brain

2. Spinal cord

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3
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves

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4
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves

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5
Q

What is “one or more bundles of neuron cells that connect the brain and spinal cord with other parts of the body” called?

A

Nuclei….?????

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6
Q

What kind of tract carries nerve impulses towards the brain?

A

Afferent tract

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7
Q

What does a descending tract do?

A

Carry information AWAY from the brain (efferent)

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8
Q

Define: innervation

A

Innervation: supply of nerves to a body part, as well as the stimulus/stimulation of a body part through nerve action

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9
Q

Define: receptors

A

Sites in the sensory organs that receive external stimulation

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10
Q

State the basic cell of the nervous system.

A

Neuron = basic cell of the nervous system

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11
Q

What are “afferent neurons” also known as?

A

Somatic sensory neurons = afferent neurons

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12
Q

What are “efferent neurons” also known as?

A

Motor neurons = efferent neurons

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13
Q

Differentiate between efferent (motor) and afferent (somatic sensory) neurons. (2)

A
  1. Motor neurons carry information AWAY from the brain = efferent
  2. Somatic sensory neurons carry information TOWARDS the brain = afferent
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14
Q

List 4 parts of the neuron. (4)

A
  1. Cell body
  2. Axon
  3. Myelin sheath
  4. Axon terminal
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15
Q

Define: synapse

A

Synapse: space between a neuron and a receptor organ

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16
Q

What is the space between a neuron and a receptor organ called?

A

Synapse

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17
Q

What kind of messengers are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemical messengers

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18
Q

List the 3 layers of membranes that cover and protect the central nervous system from outer to inner layers. (3)

A
  1. Dura matter → think DURABLE
  2. Arachnoid → spiders…
  3. Pia matter
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19
Q

Define: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Cerebrospinal fluid: clear, colourless, watery fluid which serves to nourish, cool, and cushion the brain and spinal cord from shock or injury

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20
Q

What is the liquid which nourishes, cools, and cushions the brain and spinal cord called?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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21
Q

List 4 functions of the brain (from the review). (4)

A
  1. Memory
  2. Thought
  3. Association
  4. Critical thinking
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22
Q

List the 5 major functions of the urinary system (not just the kidneys). (5)

A
  1. Acid-base balance
  2. Water balance
  3. Eliminate wastes, toxins, and drugs from the body
  4. Convert vitamin D to the active form
  5. Produce renin to regulate blood pressure
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23
Q

Name the 3 main electrolytes (ions) within the body. (3)

A
  1. Sodium ion
  2. Potassium ion
  3. Chloride ion
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24
Q

What hormone is released when blood volume drops, and what does it do? (2)

A
  1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

2. It signals the body to reabsorb more fluids

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25
Q

What are renal calculi and why do they form? (2)

A
  1. Kidney stones

2. Urine is too concentrated, so the solute crystalizes

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26
Q

Define: dysuria

A

Pain or discomfort when urinating

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27
Q

What is a transient ischemic attack?

A

Temporary stroke (partial stroke)

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28
Q

Define: urinary retention

A

Inability to urinate

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29
Q

What is a UTI and what comes out with the urine when one has a UTI? (2)

A
  1. UTI = urinary tract infection

2. Pus comes out with the urine

30
Q

Define: aldosterone

A

Hormone that helps to regulate blood composition and blood volume

31
Q

Define: acidosis

A

Arterial pH below 7.35 → excessive acid in the blood

32
Q

Define: bowman’s capsule

A

Cup-shaped hollow that completely surrounds the gomerulus

33
Q

Differentiate between PCT and DCT. (2)

A
  1. PCT = PROXIMAL convoluted tubule

2. DCT = DISTAL convoluted tubule

34
Q

What is the loop of Henle?

A

Nephron loop

35
Q

Define “active transport” and give an example. (2)

A
  1. Active transport: movement of substance across a membrane which requires cellular energy
  2. AGAINST the concentration gradient so that you can move from low → high
36
Q

Define: filtrate

A

Fluid in the glomerular capsule; similar to blood plasma, but without protein

37
Q

What does urine contain? (2)

A
  1. Nitrogenous wastes

2. Unneeded substances

38
Q

Define: specific gravity

A

Measurement describing how much heavier or lighter something is compared to distilled water

39
Q

Name the 2 sphincters that control the flow of urine. (2)

A
  1. INTERNAL urethral sphincter

2. EXTERNAL urethral sphincter

40
Q

List 4 major roles of the kidney in keeping blood composition constant. (4)

A
  1. Excretion of nitrogenous wastes
  2. Ensuring proper blood pH
  3. Maintaining the water balance of the blood
  4. Maintaining electrolyte balance in the blood
41
Q

Differentiate between the AFFERENT and EFFERENT divisions of the nervous system. (2)

A
  1. Afferent = TOWARDS the brain

2. Efferent = AWAY from the brain

42
Q

What does ANS stand for and what does it regulate? (2)

A
  1. ANS = autonomic nervous system

2. Involuntary movements

43
Q

What is in the urine that indicates a UTI?

A

Pus

44
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle movements?

A

Cerebellum

45
Q

How many elements do reflex arcs have at minimum?

A

5 elements

46
Q

What part of the brain is injured in a person with aphasia?

A

Left hemisphere of the bain

47
Q

In what 4 circumstances are burns considered critical? (4)

A
  1. Airway damage
  2. Burns on the face, hands, feet, and/or genitals
  3. 30% of the body is covered in 2nd degree burns
  4. 10% of the body is covered in 3rd or 4th degree burns
48
Q

Define: glycogen

A

Glycogen: large, polysaccharide molecule → stored energy

49
Q

Define: melatonin

A

Hormone secreted by the pineal gland which helps regulate/induce sleep

50
Q

Define: glucogon

A

Antagonist to insulin; hormone from the pancreas which raises blood glucose level

51
Q

Give the full name for the acronyms PTH and ADH. (2)

A
  1. PTH = parathyroid hormone

2. ADH = antidiuretic hormone

52
Q

Define: Graves disease

A

Autoimmune disease in which the thyroid produces too much thyroxine (hyperthyroidism)

53
Q

Define: Addison’s disease

A

Condition in which one excretes large amounts of urine (polyuria) due to low aldosterone (hypoaldosteronism )

54
Q

Define: diabetes insipidus

A

Hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone → excessive urine output

55
Q

Define: humoral stimuli

A

Something that causes change in the blood levels of certain ions and nutrients → stimulates hormonal release

56
Q

Define: anuria

A

Excessively low urine production (less than 100mL/ 24hrs)

57
Q

Define: oliguria

A

Abnormally low urine production (100-400mL/ 24hrs)

58
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephrons

59
Q

What glands produce oil and what is this oil called? (2)

A
  1. Sebaceous glands

2. Sebum → oily substance

60
Q

What gland is known as the “master” endocrine gland?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

61
Q

List the 3 main layers of skin and briefly describe their function. (3)

A
  1. Epidermis → protective rain coat
  2. Dermis → binds the body together
  3. Cutaneous → fat storage; cushioning
62
Q

What is temporary brain ischemia?

A

Transient ischemic attack
→ brain ischemia = stroke
→ transient = does not last long = temporary

63
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

Produce myelin sheaths around the nerve fibers

64
Q

Define: somatic reflex

A

Voluntary physical action → happens near-instantly when a certain stimulus is delivered (eg. hot stove)

65
Q

What kind of sensory information does the central nervous system interpret and how does it react? (2)

A
  1. Incoming sensory information

2. CNS issues instructions based on past experiences and current conditions

66
Q

Define: dendrites

A

Extension of the nerve cells along which impulses received from other cells are transmitted to the cell body → “tail” of the neuron (like radio antennas catching radio waves)

67
Q

Define: astrocytes

A

Star-shaped cells responsible for bracing and anchoring neurons to the blood capillaries (nutrient supply lines)

68
Q

What are bundles of nerve fibers running through the central nervous system called?

A

Nuclei….

69
Q

What are reflex arcs?

A

Somatic reflexes

70
Q

What are meninges?

A

The 3 membranes that line and enclose the brain and spinal cord

71
Q

Differentiate between a left-brained person and a right-brained person. (2)

A
  1. Left-brained → analytical

2. Right-brained → artistic

*Anatomy Reviews (7 decks)

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