Skeletal, Muscular, & Cardiovascular Systems

Question 1

Where is bone marrow produced? (2)

Answer 1

1. Spongy bones

2. End of long bones (there’s a bit of spongy bone in there)

Question 2

State the number of true, false, and floating ribs we have. (3)

Answer 2

1. True ribs = 7
2. False ribs = 5
3. Floating ribs = 2

Question 3

List the 5 types of white blood cells and state their main functions. (5)

Answer 3

1. Neutrophils - phagocytize bacteria
2. Lymphocytes - immunity and production of antibodies
3. Monocytes = cleans up debris and phagocytosis of old tissue
4. Eosinophils - kills parasites; allergic reactions
5. Basophils - allergy symptoms (heparins + histamines)

Question 4

List the 5 functions of the skeletal system. (5)

Answer 4

1. Support
2. Protection
3. Movement
4. Storage (fat, minerals, calcium)
5. Hematopoeisis

Question 5

List the 5 functions of the muscular system. (5)

Answer 5

1. Provide movements
2. Maintain posture and body position
3. Stabilize joints
4. Generate heat
5. Protection

Question 6

A lack of what compound will cause the heart to stop beating?

Answer 6

Potassium

Question 7

What do the purkinje fibers do?

Answer 7

Cause the ventricles of the heart to contract

Question 8

What is the medical term for heart attack?

Answer 8

Myocardial infarction

Question 9

Which chambers are known as the receiving chambers?

Answer 9

Left and right atrium

Question 10

Which chambers are known as the pumping chambers?

Answer 10

Left and right ventricle

Question 11

Define: anemia

Answer 11

Lacking in blood; decreased number of red bloodcells

Question 12

What is the name of the node known as the pacemaker of the heart?

Answer 12

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

Question 13

List the 4 layers of the heart from inner to outer (4)

Answer 13

1. Endocardium
2. Myocardium
3. Epicardium
4. Pericardium

Question 14

Define: pericardium

Answer 14

Double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart

Question 15

Define hemophilia

Answer 15

Hereditary bleeding disorders that result from a lack of any of the factors needed for clotting

Question 16

What is blood made up of and in what percentages? (2)

Answer 16

1. Plasma (55%)

2. Formed elements (45%)

Question 17

What is the most numerous formed element?

Answer 17

Erythrocytes

Question 18

Define: acetylcholine

Answer 18

Neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle fibers

Question 19

Define: tetanus

Answer 19

Condition that causes the muscles to go into uncontrollable spasms

Question 20

What happens to a muscle when it is no longer stimulated by nerves?

Answer 20

Atrophy

Question 21

What is the name of the process in which pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid?

Answer 21

Anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation

Question 22

How do antagonist muscles move?

Answer 22

Opposite to the movement of the prime mover

Question 23

What is the muscle responsible for causing a particular movement?

Answer 23

Prime mover

Question 24

What happens when a muscle contracts?

Answer 24

The insertion moves towards the origin

Question 25

Define: synovial joint

Answer 25

Fully movable joint

Question 26

What does a comminuted fracture result in?

Answer 26

Many broken pieces

Question 27

What is a long bone also known as?

Answer 27

Diaphysis

Question 28

Differentiate between compact bones and spongy bones. (2)

Answer 28

1. Compact bones - dense and looks smooth and homogenous (same kind) 2. Spongy bones - small, needle-like pieces of bones and lots of open space (bone marrow production)

Question 29

What kind of bones belong to the axial skeleton?

Answer 29

Bones that form the longitudinal axis

Question 30

What 3 things does the skeletal system include? (3)

Answer 30

1. Joint 2. Ligaments 3. Cartilage

Question 31

What is the cavity of the shaft a storage area for in adults and what is it also called? (2)

Answer 31

1. Adipose tissue | 2. Yellow marrow

Question 32

Define: rickets

Answer 32

Deficiency in vitamin D and calcium

Question 33

What is the longest bone in the body?

Answer 33

Femur

Question 34

What hormone determines if a bone is to be broken down for the release of calcium?

Answer 34

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 35

What is the cavity of the shaft called if is it forming red blood cells?

Answer 35

Red marrow

Question 36

Define: scoliosis

Answer 36

Abnormal curvature of the spine

Question 37

What muscle type is found in the hollow organs?

Answer 37

Smooth muscle

Question 38

Differentiate between insertion and origin. (2)

Answer 38

1. Insertion = movable attachment of a muscle | 2. Origin = attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during a muscle contraction

Question 39

What is the only bone in the body that is not attached by a joint?

Answer 39

Hyoid

Question 40

Differentiate between adduction and abduction. (2)

Answer 40

1. Adduction = towards the body midline | 2. Abduction = away from thebody

Question 41

Define: circumduction

Answer 41

Proximal end is stationary and distal end rotates

Question 42

Define: peristalsis

Answer 42

Wave-like muscle contractions that move food, liquids, and other materials down the digestive tract