Full Review Part III Flashcards
What hormone are secondary sex characteristics in females stimulated by?
Estrogen
Define: spermatogenesis
Production of sperm
Where is sperm produced?
In the seminiferous tubules
Define: acquired immunity
Immunity obtained either naturally or artificially due to exposure to antigens
What does innate immunity act as and what are 2 examples of this? (3)
- Innate immunity = first line of defense
- Cough reflex
- Enzymes in tears and skin oil
What does TSH stand for?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
What does CSF stand for?
Cerebrospinal fluid
What does LH stand for?
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
What do CNS, PNS, and ANS stand for? (3)
- CNS = central nervous system
- PNS = peripheral nervous system
- ANS = autonomic nervous system
What does HcG stand for?
Human chorionic gonadotropin
What does PTH stand for?
Parathyroid hormone
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
What does LDL and HDL stand for, and which one is good?
- LDL = low-density lipoprotein
- HDL = high-density lipoprotein
- LDL = good
Define: negative feedback
Stimuli which provokes a change in a variable such that the body must change the variable back to the normal or optimal state/values
State 2 examples of negative feedback. (2)
- Body temperature
2. Glucose levels
Are all homeostatic mechanisms positive or negative feedback mechanisms?
Negative feedback mechanisms
Differentiate between left and right brain. (2)
- Left = analytical
2. Right = artistic
Define: mastication
Process of chewing
How many sections is the small intestines divided into and what are they called? (4)
- Three sections
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
Differentiate between osmosis and passive transport (diffusion). (2)
- Osmosis is the passive transport of WATER ONLY
2. Diffusion is the movement of something through a membrane passively (no energy required)
What 2 parts of the digestive tract have no other digestive functions other than being pathways? (2)
- Esophagus
2. Pharynx
What kind of contractions are provided by smooth muscles?
Slow contractions
List the 3 hormones that signal the parietal cells to secrete HCl (hydrogen chloride). (3)
- Gastrin
- Histamine
- Acetylcholine
What hormone is calcium reabsorption controlled by?
Parathyroid hormone
What is aldosterone secreted in response to?
Low potassium levels or high sodium levels
Are digestive enzymes produced mostly by the intestines?
No
Define: process
Structure that protrudes out of a bone
Are yellow bone marrow formed at the ends of long bones?
No
What are carbohydrates stored in the body as?
Glycogen
What part of the brain mediates emotional responses?
Hypothalamus
What are memory cells?
Immunocompetent lymphocytes created during an infection
A lack of what chemical in particular may cause the heart to stop (for anatomy exam purposes)?
Potassium
What do some microvilli have on their surfaces and what does this aid in? (2)
- Enzymes
2. Digesting proteins and lipids
What organ has a major influence on the pH of the blood?
Kidneys
Differentiate between oliguria, anuria, and dysuria. (3)
- Oliguria = abnormal urine output (100-400mL/ 24hrs)
- Anuria = excessively low urine production (less than 100mL/ 24hrs)
- Dysuria = painful urination
What does myoglobin do?
Store oxygen for muscle cells to use
What is oxygen stored in for muscle cells to use?
Myoglobin
What are the nerve fibers that carry signals TOWARDS the brain called?
Sensory neurons (afferent nerves)
