Lymphatic, Respiratory, & Digestive Systems Flashcards
Define: internal respiration
At systemic capillaries, gas exchange is made between the blood and tissue cells within the body
What two parts are used only as passageways in digestion? (2)
- Esophagus
2. Pharynx
What do you call a cluster of lymphatic tissue?
Lymph node
List 2 functions of the spleen. (2)
- Cleans and filters blood
2. Destroys worn-out erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Define “thymosin” and state its main function. (2)
- Hormone produced in the thymus
2. Programs certain lymphocytes
State the differences between the left and right bronchi. (3)
The right bronchus is
- Wider
- Shorter
- Straighter (superior to inferior)
Which bronchus is the main bronchus?
Right bronchus
Define: passive immunity
Immunity obtained through the antibodies from another human or animal donor
List the 2 antimicrobial proteins. (2)
- Complement proteins
2. Interferons
What is inflammation is when is the response triggered? (2)
- Non-specific response
2. Occurs when body tissue is injured
List the 4 indicators of inflammation. (4)
- Pain
- Swelling
- Redness
- Heat
What is the body’s thermostat and where is it located? (2)
- Hypothalamus
2. In the brain
What is hypothermia?
Extremely low body temperature resulting from long periods of cold exposure
What is hypothermia? (1)
Extremely low body temperature resulting from long periods of cold exposure
State the 4 distinct events that occur to make the respiratory system function. (4)
- Pulmonary ventilation
- External respiration
- Respiratory gas transport
- Internal respiration
What is the adaptive response and 3 important aspects of it? (4)
- Immune system’s response to a threat = mounts an attack
- Anti-gen specific
- Systemic
- Has “memory” = recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously-encountered pathogens
Define: hyperthyroidism
Overactive thyroid → excessive metabolic rate
What is the most common immunoglobulin in the body?
IgG
State the difference between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.
Hyperthyroidism = OVERactive thyroid
Hypothyroidism =
UNDERactive thyroid
What is it called when the blood is bright red from transporting O2 in the hemoglobin of erythrocytes?
Oxyhemoglobin
What are the 4 places where the chemical and physical breakdown of food occurs? (4)
- Mouth
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
List the chemical and physical reactions from the mouth and to prior to the stomach. (3)
- Salivary glands → chemical
- Mastication → mechanical
- Peristalsis → mechanical
List the chemical and physical reactions from the stomach to just prior to the small intestine. (3)
- Stomach juices = HCl, pepsinogen, chyme → chemical
- Churning, pummeling, mixing → mechanical
- Pyloric sphincter’s movement → mechanical
What are the chemical and physical reactions within the small intestine? (4)
- Pancreatic juices/amylase → chemical
- Enzymes → chemical
- Bile → chemical
- Absorption + digestion → chemical
What is the mechanical/physical movement in the large intestine and how often does it occur?
- Haustral contractions
2. Occurs for 2min every 30min
State the movement of food from the mouth to the anus. Include all sphincters, valves,
and parts of the small intestine and large intestine separately. (18)
- Mouth
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Cardioesophageal sphincter
- Stomach
- Pyloric sphincter
7.-9 Duodenum, jejunum, ileum → small intestine - Ileocecal valve
- Cecum
12-15. Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon → large intestine - Rectum
- Anal canal
- Anus
What is cystic fibrosis and 3 consequences of this condition? (4)
- Genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large amounts of abnormally thick mucus
- Impairs food digestion
- Extremely salty perspiration/sweat
- Oversecretion of thick mucus that clogs the passageways (lungs)
Define: diverticulitis
Inflammation of the diverticula which occurs due to a lack of fiber in the diet
State the 2 parts of the digestive system. (2)
- Alimentary canal
2. Accessory digestive system
Give the formal, scientific name for “nose bleeds”
Epistaxis
What is the function of the medulla and pons, and where are they located? (2)
- Control respiration
2. Located in the brain
List the 6 layers of the alimentary canal from inside out. (6)
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis externa
- Visceral peritoneum
- Parietal peritoneum
- Mesentery
Define: peristalsis
Wave-like motion formed by the contractions and relaxations in the digestive tract which pushes food through the digestive system
What does the body use for energy when carbs and fats are not abundant?
Protein
Which sphincter opens and lets food enter the stomach?
Cardioesophageal sphincter
Where does absorption take place?
Small intestine
What is the term for the breakdown of substances into simpler substances?
Catabolism
What cells produce antibodies?
B cells
How many respirations per minute is normal for newborns?
40-80 rpm
Define: irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Condition resulting in severe cramps, pain, and bloating in the digestive system
Define: Crohn’s disease
Chronic, inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract
