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*Anatomy Reviews > Lymphatic, Respiratory, & Digestive Systems > Flashcards

Lymphatic, Respiratory, & Digestive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Define: internal respiration

A

At systemic capillaries, gas exchange is made between the blood and tissue cells within the body

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2
Q

What two parts are used only as passageways in digestion? (2)

A
  1. Esophagus

2. Pharynx

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3
Q

What do you call a cluster of lymphatic tissue?

A

Lymph node

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4
Q

List 2 functions of the spleen. (2)

A
  1. Cleans and filters blood

2. Destroys worn-out erythrocytes (red blood cells)

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5
Q

Define “thymosin” and state its main function. (2)

A
  1. Hormone produced in the thymus

2. Programs certain lymphocytes

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6
Q

State the differences between the left and right bronchi. (3)

A

The right bronchus is

  1. Wider
  2. Shorter
  3. Straighter (superior to inferior)
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7
Q

Which bronchus is the main bronchus?

A

Right bronchus

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8
Q

Define: passive immunity

A

Immunity obtained through the antibodies from another human or animal donor

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9
Q

List the 2 antimicrobial proteins. (2)

A
  1. Complement proteins

2. Interferons

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10
Q

What is inflammation is when is the response triggered? (2)

A
  1. Non-specific response

2. Occurs when body tissue is injured

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11
Q

List the 4 indicators of inflammation. (4)

A
  1. Pain
  2. Swelling
  3. Redness
  4. Heat
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12
Q

What is the body’s thermostat and where is it located? (2)

A
  1. Hypothalamus

2. In the brain

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13
Q

What is hypothermia?

A

Extremely low body temperature resulting from long periods of cold exposure

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14
Q

What is hypothermia? (1)

A

Extremely low body temperature resulting from long periods of cold exposure

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15
Q

State the 4 distinct events that occur to make the respiratory system function. (4)

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation
  2. External respiration
  3. Respiratory gas transport
  4. Internal respiration
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16
Q

What is the adaptive response and 3 important aspects of it? (4)

A
  1. Immune system’s response to a threat = mounts an attack
  2. Anti-gen specific
  3. Systemic
  4. Has “memory” = recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously-encountered pathogens
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17
Q

Define: hyperthyroidism

A

Overactive thyroid → excessive metabolic rate

18
Q

What is the most common immunoglobulin in the body?

A

IgG

19
Q

State the difference between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.

A

Hyperthyroidism = OVERactive thyroid
Hypothyroidism =
UNDERactive thyroid

20
Q

What is it called when the blood is bright red from transporting O2 in the hemoglobin of erythrocytes?

A

Oxyhemoglobin

21
Q

What are the 4 places where the chemical and physical breakdown of food occurs? (4)

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Stomach
  3. Small intestine
  4. Large intestine
22
Q

List the chemical and physical reactions from the mouth and to prior to the stomach. (3)

A
  1. Salivary glands → chemical
  2. Mastication → mechanical
  3. Peristalsis → mechanical
23
Q

List the chemical and physical reactions from the stomach to just prior to the small intestine. (3)

A
  1. Stomach juices = HCl, pepsinogen, chyme → chemical
  2. Churning, pummeling, mixing → mechanical
  3. Pyloric sphincter’s movement → mechanical
24
Q

What are the chemical and physical reactions within the small intestine? (4)

A
  1. Pancreatic juices/amylase → chemical
  2. Enzymes → chemical
  3. Bile → chemical
  4. Absorption + digestion → chemical
25
Q

What is the mechanical/physical movement in the large intestine and how often does it occur?

A
  1. Haustral contractions

2. Occurs for 2min every 30min

26
Q

State the movement of food from the mouth to the anus. Include all sphincters, valves,
and parts of the small intestine and large intestine separately. (18)

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Pharynx
  3. Esophagus
  4. Cardioesophageal sphincter
  5. Stomach
  6. Pyloric sphincter
    7.-9 Duodenum, jejunum, ileum → small intestine
  7. Ileocecal valve
  8. Cecum
    12-15. Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon → large intestine
  9. Rectum
  10. Anal canal
  11. Anus
27
Q

What is cystic fibrosis and 3 consequences of this condition? (4)

A
  1. Genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large amounts of abnormally thick mucus
  2. Impairs food digestion
  3. Extremely salty perspiration/sweat
  4. Oversecretion of thick mucus that clogs the passageways (lungs)
28
Q

Define: diverticulitis

A

Inflammation of the diverticula which occurs due to a lack of fiber in the diet

29
Q

State the 2 parts of the digestive system. (2)

A
  1. Alimentary canal

2. Accessory digestive system

30
Q

Give the formal, scientific name for “nose bleeds”

A

Epistaxis

31
Q

What is the function of the medulla and pons, and where are they located? (2)

A
  1. Control respiration

2. Located in the brain

32
Q

List the 6 layers of the alimentary canal from inside out. (6)

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. Visceral peritoneum
  5. Parietal peritoneum
  6. Mesentery
33
Q

Define: peristalsis

A

Wave-like motion formed by the contractions and relaxations in the digestive tract which pushes food through the digestive system

34
Q

What does the body use for energy when carbs and fats are not abundant?

A

Protein

35
Q

Which sphincter opens and lets food enter the stomach?

A

Cardioesophageal sphincter

36
Q

Where does absorption take place?

A

Small intestine

37
Q

What is the term for the breakdown of substances into simpler substances?

A

Catabolism

38
Q

What cells produce antibodies?

A

B cells

39
Q

How many respirations per minute is normal for newborns?

A

40-80 rpm

40
Q

Define: irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A

Condition resulting in severe cramps, pain, and bloating in the digestive system

41
Q

Define: Crohn’s disease

A

Chronic, inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract

*Anatomy Reviews (7 decks)

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