Lymphatic, Respiratory, & Digestive Systems

Question 1

Define: internal respiration

Answer 1

At systemic capillaries, gas exchange is made between the blood and tissue cells within the body

Question 2

What two parts are used only as passageways in digestion? (2)

Answer 2

1. Esophagus

2. Pharynx

Question 3

What do you call a cluster of lymphatic tissue?

Answer 3

Lymph node

Question 4

List 2 functions of the spleen. (2)

Answer 4

1. Cleans and filters blood

2. Destroys worn-out erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Question 5

Define “thymosin” and state its main function. (2)

Answer 5

1. Hormone produced in the thymus

2. Programs certain lymphocytes

Question 6

State the differences between the left and right bronchi. (3)

Answer 6

The right bronchus is

1. Wider
2. Shorter
3. Straighter (superior to inferior)

Question 7

Which bronchus is the main bronchus?

Answer 7

Right bronchus

Question 8

Define: passive immunity

Answer 8

Immunity obtained through the antibodies from another human or animal donor

Question 9

List the 2 antimicrobial proteins. (2)

Answer 9

1. Complement proteins

2. Interferons

Question 10

What is inflammation is when is the response triggered? (2)

Answer 10

1. Non-specific response

2. Occurs when body tissue is injured

Question 11

List the 4 indicators of inflammation. (4)

Answer 11

1. Pain
2. Swelling
3. Redness
4. Heat

Question 12

What is the body’s thermostat and where is it located? (2)

Answer 12

1. Hypothalamus

2. In the brain

Question 13

What is hypothermia?

Answer 13

Extremely low body temperature resulting from long periods of cold exposure

Question 14

What is hypothermia? (1)

Answer 14

Extremely low body temperature resulting from long periods of cold exposure

Question 15

State the 4 distinct events that occur to make the respiratory system function. (4)

Answer 15

1. Pulmonary ventilation
2. External respiration
3. Respiratory gas transport
4. Internal respiration

Question 16

What is the adaptive response and 3 important aspects of it? (4)

Answer 16

1. Immune system’s response to a threat = mounts an attack
2. Anti-gen specific
3. Systemic
4. Has “memory” = recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously-encountered pathogens

Question 17

Define: hyperthyroidism

Answer 17

Overactive thyroid → excessive metabolic rate

Question 18

What is the most common immunoglobulin in the body?

Answer 18

IgG

Question 19

State the difference between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.

Answer 19

Hyperthyroidism = OVERactive thyroid
Hypothyroidism =
UNDERactive thyroid

Question 20

What is it called when the blood is bright red from transporting O2 in the hemoglobin of erythrocytes?

Answer 20

Oxyhemoglobin

Question 21

What are the 4 places where the chemical and physical breakdown of food occurs? (4)

Answer 21

1. Mouth
2. Stomach
3. Small intestine
4. Large intestine

Question 22

List the chemical and physical reactions from the mouth and to prior to the stomach. (3)

Answer 22

1. Salivary glands → chemical
2. Mastication → mechanical
3. Peristalsis → mechanical

Question 23

List the chemical and physical reactions from the stomach to just prior to the small intestine. (3)

Answer 23

1. Stomach juices = HCl, pepsinogen, chyme → chemical
2. Churning, pummeling, mixing → mechanical
3. Pyloric sphincter’s movement → mechanical

Question 24

What are the chemical and physical reactions within the small intestine? (4)

Answer 24

1. Pancreatic juices/amylase → chemical
2. Enzymes → chemical
3. Bile → chemical
4. Absorption + digestion → chemical

Question 25

What is the mechanical/physical movement in the large intestine and how often does it occur?

Answer 25

1. Haustral contractions | 2. Occurs for 2min every 30min

Question 26

State the movement of food from the mouth to the anus. Include all sphincters, valves, and parts of the small intestine and large intestine separately. (18)

Answer 26

1. Mouth 2. Pharynx 3. Esophagus 4. Cardioesophageal sphincter 5. Stomach 6. Pyloric sphincter 7.-9 Duodenum, jejunum, ileum → small intestine 10. Ileocecal valve 11. Cecum 12-15. Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon → large intestine 16. Rectum 17. Anal canal 18. Anus

Question 27

What is cystic fibrosis and 3 consequences of this condition? (4)

Answer 27

1. Genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large amounts of abnormally thick mucus 2. Impairs food digestion 3. Extremely salty perspiration/sweat 4. Oversecretion of thick mucus that clogs the passageways (lungs)

Question 28

Define: diverticulitis

Answer 28

Inflammation of the diverticula which occurs due to a lack of fiber in the diet

Question 29

State the 2 parts of the digestive system. (2)

Answer 29

1. Alimentary canal | 2. Accessory digestive system

Question 30

Give the formal, scientific name for "nose bleeds"

Answer 30

Epistaxis

Question 31

What is the function of the medulla and pons, and where are they located? (2)

Answer 31

1. Control respiration | 2. Located in the brain

Question 32

List the 6 layers of the alimentary canal from inside out. (6)

Answer 32

1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis externa 4. Visceral peritoneum 5. Parietal peritoneum 6. Mesentery

Question 33

Define: peristalsis

Answer 33

Wave-like motion formed by the contractions and relaxations in the digestive tract which pushes food through the digestive system

Question 34

What does the body use for energy when carbs and fats are not abundant?

Answer 34

Protein

Question 35

Which sphincter opens and lets food enter the stomach?

Answer 35

Cardioesophageal sphincter

Question 36

Where does absorption take place?

Answer 36

Small intestine

Question 37

What is the term for the breakdown of substances into simpler substances?

Answer 37

Catabolism

Question 38

What cells produce antibodies?

Answer 38

B cells

Question 39

How many respirations per minute is normal for newborns?

Answer 39

40-80 rpm

Question 40

Define: irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Answer 40

Condition resulting in severe cramps, pain, and bloating in the digestive system

Question 41

Define: Crohn's disease

Answer 41

Chronic, inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract