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*Anatomy Reviews > Full Review Part I > Flashcards

Full Review Part I Flashcards

1
Q

Lack of what makes the heart stop beating? (for anatomy exam purposes)

A

Potassium

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2
Q

What do the purkinje fibers do?

A

Cause the ventricles of the heart to contract

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3
Q

What is the medical term for a heart attack?

A

Myocardial infarction

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4
Q

What is the medical term for a stroke?

A

Ischemic attack (this is a full stroke, so it may cause brain damage and permanent disability)

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5
Q

What chambers are known as the receiving chambers? (2)

A
  1. Left atrium

2. Right atrium

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6
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Stored energy

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7
Q

What attaches muscle to bone?

A

Tendons

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8
Q

List 3 processes calcium is required in. (3)

A
  1. Muscle contractions
  2. Blood clotting
  3. Bone strength
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9
Q

What is the most abundant inorganic compound in the body?

A

Water

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10
Q

What does it mean when a compound is “inorganic”?

A

It does not contain carbon

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11
Q

What type of cell structure functions in lipid metabolism?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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12
Q

Define: internal respiration

A

Gas exchange made between the blood and tissue cells

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13
Q

Name the 2 parts of the body which are used only as passageways in digestion. (2)

A
  1. Esophagus

2. Pharynx

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14
Q

List 2 parts of the body which may be described as “a cluster of lymphatic tissue”. (2)

A
  1. Lymph nodes

2. Tonsils

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15
Q

Differentiate between motor and sensory neurons. (2)

A
  1. Motor = efferent (outwards)

2, Sensory = afferent (inwards)

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16
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the motor neuron division? (2)

A
  1. Somatic (voluntary)

2. Autonomic (involuntary)

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17
Q

What is the central nervous system composed of? (2)

A
  1. Brain

2. Spinal cord

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18
Q

List 3 ways protein is used. (3)

A
  1. Construction
  2. Cell function
  3. Producing antibodies
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19
Q

How many pairs of true ribs do humans have?

A

7 pairs of true ribs

20
Q

How are the bronchi separated into 2?

A

As left and right bronchi

21
Q

Which bronchi is the main bronchi and how does it differ from the other bronchi? (4)

A
  1. Main bronchi = right bronchi
  2. Wider
  3. Shorter
  4. Straighter
22
Q

Define: passive immunity

A

Immunity acquired through the antibodies of another human or animal

23
Q

List the 5 types of white blood cells and state their general functions. (5)

A
  1. Neutrophils - phagocytize bacteria
  2. Lymphocytes - immune system; produces antibodies
  3. Monocytes - clean up debris and phagocytize old tissues; largest white blood cell
  4. Eosinophils - kills parasites; allergic reactions
  5. Basophils - makes us exhibit allergy symptoms (heparin + histimines)
24
Q

List the 5 functions of the skeletal system. (5)

A
  1. Movement
  2. Support
  3. Protection
  4. Storage
  5. Hematopoeisis (blood production)
25
Q

What happens in an adaptive response and what are 3 important aspects of it? (4)

A
  1. Attack against particular foreign substances
  2. Systemic
  3. Antigen-specific
  4. Memory
26
Q

Define: meninges

A

The 3 layers which cover and protect the brain and spinal cord

27
Q

What does CSF stand for?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

28
Q

What happens when a muscle is no longer stimulated by nerves?

A

It atrophies (wastes away)

29
Q

What is pyruvic acid?

A

The breakdown of glucose

30
Q

What is the name of the process in which pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation

31
Q

Define: antagonist muscles

A

Muscles that act in the opposite way of the prime mover

32
Q

Define: prime mover

A

Muscle leading a particular movement

33
Q

What happens when a muscle contracts?

A

The insertion moves towards the origin

34
Q

Define: synovial joint

A

Fully movable joint

35
Q

State the 6 levels of structural organization. (6)

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. Organ system
  6. Organismal body
36
Q

What is the term for the breakdown of substances into simpler substances?

A

Catabolism

37
Q

Define: catabolism

A

The breakdown of substances into simpler substances

38
Q

What lymphocytes produce antibodies?

A

B cells

39
Q

What range of respirations per minute is normal for newborns?

A

40-60 respirations per minute

40
Q

Define: negative feedback

A

Stimuli which provokes a change in a variable such that the body must change the variable back to the normal or optimal state/values

41
Q

State 2 examples of negative feedback. (2)

A
  1. Body temperature

2. Glucose levels

42
Q

Differentiant between the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. (2)

A
  1. Somatic nervous system = voluntary

2. Autonomic nervous system = involuntary

43
Q

Are all homeostatic mechanisms positive or negative feedback mechanisms?

A

Negative feedback mechanisms

44
Q

List the 3 membranes covering and protecting the CNS structures from outer to inner. (3)

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater
45
Q

What is the normal, average pH for urine?

A

pH 6

46
Q

What is the other name for reflex arcs and how many elements must they have at minimum? (2)

A
  1. Reflex arcs = somatic reflexes

2. Minimum of 5 elements

*Anatomy Reviews (7 decks)

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