Full Review Part I Flashcards
Lack of what makes the heart stop beating? (for anatomy exam purposes)
Potassium
What do the purkinje fibers do?
Cause the ventricles of the heart to contract
What is the medical term for a heart attack?
Myocardial infarction
What is the medical term for a stroke?
Ischemic attack (this is a full stroke, so it may cause brain damage and permanent disability)
What chambers are known as the receiving chambers? (2)
- Left atrium
2. Right atrium
What is potential energy?
Stored energy
What attaches muscle to bone?
Tendons
List 3 processes calcium is required in. (3)
- Muscle contractions
- Blood clotting
- Bone strength
What is the most abundant inorganic compound in the body?
Water
What does it mean when a compound is “inorganic”?
It does not contain carbon
What type of cell structure functions in lipid metabolism?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Define: internal respiration
Gas exchange made between the blood and tissue cells
Name the 2 parts of the body which are used only as passageways in digestion. (2)
- Esophagus
2. Pharynx
List 2 parts of the body which may be described as “a cluster of lymphatic tissue”. (2)
- Lymph nodes
2. Tonsils
Differentiate between motor and sensory neurons. (2)
- Motor = efferent (outwards)
2, Sensory = afferent (inwards)
What are the 2 subdivisions of the motor neuron division? (2)
- Somatic (voluntary)
2. Autonomic (involuntary)
What is the central nervous system composed of? (2)
- Brain
2. Spinal cord
List 3 ways protein is used. (3)
- Construction
- Cell function
- Producing antibodies
How many pairs of true ribs do humans have?
7 pairs of true ribs
How are the bronchi separated into 2?
As left and right bronchi
Which bronchi is the main bronchi and how does it differ from the other bronchi? (4)
- Main bronchi = right bronchi
- Wider
- Shorter
- Straighter
Define: passive immunity
Immunity acquired through the antibodies of another human or animal
List the 5 types of white blood cells and state their general functions. (5)
- Neutrophils - phagocytize bacteria
- Lymphocytes - immune system; produces antibodies
- Monocytes - clean up debris and phagocytize old tissues; largest white blood cell
- Eosinophils - kills parasites; allergic reactions
- Basophils - makes us exhibit allergy symptoms (heparin + histimines)
List the 5 functions of the skeletal system. (5)
- Movement
- Support
- Protection
- Storage
- Hematopoeisis (blood production)
What happens in an adaptive response and what are 3 important aspects of it? (4)
- Attack against particular foreign substances
- Systemic
- Antigen-specific
- Memory
Define: meninges
The 3 layers which cover and protect the brain and spinal cord
What does CSF stand for?
Cerebrospinal fluid
What happens when a muscle is no longer stimulated by nerves?
It atrophies (wastes away)
What is pyruvic acid?
The breakdown of glucose
What is the name of the process in which pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid?
Anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation
Define: antagonist muscles
Muscles that act in the opposite way of the prime mover
Define: prime mover
Muscle leading a particular movement
What happens when a muscle contracts?
The insertion moves towards the origin
Define: synovial joint
Fully movable joint
State the 6 levels of structural organization. (6)
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ system
- Organismal body
What is the term for the breakdown of substances into simpler substances?
Catabolism
Define: catabolism
The breakdown of substances into simpler substances
What lymphocytes produce antibodies?
B cells
What range of respirations per minute is normal for newborns?
40-60 respirations per minute
Define: negative feedback
Stimuli which provokes a change in a variable such that the body must change the variable back to the normal or optimal state/values
State 2 examples of negative feedback. (2)
- Body temperature
2. Glucose levels
Differentiant between the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. (2)
- Somatic nervous system = voluntary
2. Autonomic nervous system = involuntary
Are all homeostatic mechanisms positive or negative feedback mechanisms?
Negative feedback mechanisms
List the 3 membranes covering and protecting the CNS structures from outer to inner. (3)
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Pia mater
What is the normal, average pH for urine?
pH 6
What is the other name for reflex arcs and how many elements must they have at minimum? (2)
- Reflex arcs = somatic reflexes
2. Minimum of 5 elements