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Anatomy (S1U2) > Urinary Histo > Flashcards

Urinary Histo Flashcards

1
Q

What does the urinary system consist of (4)?

A
  1. Paired kidneys
  2. Paired ureters
  3. One urinary bladder
  4. One urethra
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2
Q

What are some of the nitregenous wastes filtered by kidneys?

A

Ammonia, urea, bilirubin, creatine, uric acid

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3
Q

What is the space with loose CT and adipose tissue, part of the renal pelvis, the calyces, and branches of BV’s and nerves

A

renal sinus

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4
Q

What is the CT that covers the kidneys?

A

Renal capsule

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5
Q

What are the two distinct regions of the parenchyma?

A

Renal cortex and renal medulla

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6
Q

What are the 6-18 distinct conical/triangular structures with their apex being papilla that project into minor calyces?

A

Renal pyramids

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7
Q

What does a renal lobe consist of?

A

A renal pyramid, its overlying renal cortex, and one-half of each adjacent renal columns

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8
Q

Which blood vessel brings blood to the glomerulus?

A

Afferent arteriole

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9
Q

Anything that is not filtered from the afferent arterioles into the glomerulus goes where?

A

Efferent arterioles

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10
Q

In what blood vessel(s) are substances put back into the bloodstream? What is this process called?

A

Peritubular capillaries (with vasa recta extensions); tubular reabsorption

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11
Q

Describe the flow of blood into and out of the kidney (13 steps)

A
  1. Renal artery
  2. Segmental arteries
  3. Interlobular arteries
  4. Arcuate arteries
  5. Interlobular arteries
  6. Afferent arterioles
  7. Glomerular capillaries
  8. Efferent arterioles
  9. Peritubular capillaries
  10. Interlobular veins
  11. Arcuate veins
  12. Interlobular veins
  13. Renal veins
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12
Q

What is the fundamental structural and functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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13
Q

What are the two parts of each nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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14
Q

Where does glomerular filtration occur

A

Renal corpuscle

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15
Q

Each nephron drains into what?

A

Collecting duct

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16
Q

For urine to be produced, the nephrons perform what 3 processes?

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
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17
Q

The tubule cells can reabsorb 99% of ___ and ___?

A

filtered water; many solutes

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18
Q

Which substances are initially moved from the glomerular capillaries to the glomerular capsule?

A

Water and most solutes

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19
Q

What is the beginning of the nephron? In which part of the kidney is it located?

A

Renal corpuscle; renal cortex

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20
Q

What are the two components of a renal corpuscle?

A
  1. Glomerulus

2. Bowman’s capsule

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21
Q

What is a tuft of capillaries composed of 10-20 capillary loops

A

Glomerulus

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22
Q

What is the name where the glomerular ultrafiltrate is collected within Bowman’s capsule

A

Urinary/Bowman’s/Capsular space

23
Q

Which layer of Bowman’s capsule consists of a modified layer of simple squamous epithelial cells? What are these cells called?

A

Visceral layer; podocytes

24
Q

What are the secondary extensions of podocytes called?

A

pedicels

25
Q

Which cells wrap around the single layer of endotheilal cells of the glomerular capillaries?

A

podocytes

26
Q

What is the space between to pedicels?

A

Filtration slit

27
Q

Where does the ultrafiltrate enter Bowman’s space?

A

filtration slit

28
Q

What is the semipermeable membrane that covers the filtration slit?

A

Slit diaphragm

29
Q

What kind of cells make up the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule?

A

simple squamous

30
Q

What are the two poles of the renal corpuscle

A

Vascular pole and urinary/tubular pole

31
Q

Which structures of the renal tubule lie completely within the renal cortex?

A

PCT and DCT

32
Q

Which structure of the renal tubule extends from the renal cortex, to the renal medulla, and back into the renal cortex

A

Loop of Henle

33
Q

What cells line the PCT

A

Simple cuboidal

34
Q

The loop of Henle is composed of what 4 structures?

A
  1. Thick ascending limb (proximal straight tubule)
  2. Thin descending limb
  3. Thin ascending limb
  4. Thick ascending limb (distal straight tubule)
35
Q

What cells make up the lining of the proximal straight tubule?

A

Simple cuboidal

36
Q

What cells make up the thin descending and ascending limbs?

A

Simple squamous

37
Q

What are the macula densa cells?

A

They are cells in the final region of the thick ascending limb that come in contact with the afferent arteriole where the cells are crowded together to become columnar

38
Q

Modified smooth muscle cells within the afferent arteriole are called what?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

39
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells have granules containing what substance?

A

Renin

40
Q

What is renin?

A

Protease involved in angiotensin pathway

41
Q

What cells make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

A

Macula densa, Juxtaglomerular cells, and extraglomerular mesangial cells (Lacis cells)

42
Q

What role does the JGA play

A

autoregulation by releasing renin

43
Q

describe the change in epithelium of the collecting ducts as we travel distally

A

cells get bigger, transition from simple cuboidal to more simple columnar in shape

44
Q

What are the two types of cells found within the collecting duct epithelium? which stains darker? Which is more abundant?

A

Principle cells and intercalated cells; intercalated cells; principal cells

45
Q

What important role do the principle cells play?

A

control of water permeability due to their ADH-regulated water channels

46
Q

When looking at the cells of collecting ducts vs. PCT and DCT, what is a distinguishing characteristic of the cells of collecting ducts

A

collecting duct cells have more distinct borders between neighboring cells

47
Q

What are the two major types of nephrons within the kidney? Which one is located closer to the medulla? Which one has a shorter loop of Henle

A

Cortical and Juxtamedullary; Juxtamedullary; Cortical

48
Q

What are groups of tubules within the cotex that separate cortical labyrinths: What are the only kind of tubules included in these rays?

A

Medullary rays; straight tubules only

49
Q

Once the epithelium is completely columnar where are we in the kidney?

A

Papillary duct

50
Q

What are the inner and outer layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa of the calyces on down to the urinary bladder? How is this unique/different

A

Inner = longitudinal
Outer = cirular
opposite to that in our GI tract

51
Q

From the calyces to the bladder, where does our musclularis externa change a little bit? What is this change?

A

Distal end of the ureter and bladder; have an additional outermost longitudinal layer

52
Q

How many peristaltic waves are produced in the ureters per minute?

A

1-5

53
Q

What are helpful identification characteristics of the urethra?

A

Large luminal folds

54
Q

What are the epithelium for prostatic, membranous, and spongy urethra, respectively?

A

urothelium, stratified/pseudostratified columnar, and stratified/pseudostratified columnar that changes to stratified squamous distally

Anatomy (S1U2) (13 decks)

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