Urinary Bladder

Question 1

Patent urachus/urachal cyst think:

Answer 1

adenocarcinoma

Question 2

Recurrent pyelonephritis think:

Answer 2

Vesicoureteral reflux

Question 3

Diverticula increase risk for:

Answer 3

stasis –>

infection

calculi

Question 4

Common cause of cystic (bladder) diverticula?

Answer 4

bladder outlet obstruction

ie. BPH, neoplasm

Question 5

Failure of development of anterior abdominal wall:

Answer 5

Exstrophy

incr. risk of chronic infx, adenocarcinoma

Question 6

Tissue character in adenocarcinoma?

Answer 6

glandular, mucous secreting

Question 7

Conditions predisposing to bladder inflammation:

Answer 7

anything that causes stasis:

extrophy

obstruction

fistula

catheters

cystocele (multiple pregnancies)

calculi

neoplasms

Diabetes (bugs like sugar)

pyelo

pregnancy

neurogenic bladder

Question 8

common presentation of bladder infx in old people?

Answer 8

altered mental status

Question 9

Triad of sx for cystitis:

Answer 9

frequency

pain

dysuria

Question 10

Cause of cystitis in immunosupressed?

Answer 10

candida

cryptococcus

Question 11

Cause of cystitis in young sexually active pts:

Answer 11

chlamydia

mycoplasma

Question 12

Most common causes of cystitis:

Answer 12

bacteria

E. coli

Proteus

Enterococcus

Question 13

non-infx causes of cystitis:

Answer 13

radiation

chemo
-cyclophosphamide– HEMORRHAGIC

Hunner ulcer

Question 14

PAINFUL

autoimmune related (SLE)

CULTURE NEGATIVE

cystitis

Answer 14

Hunner ulcer (interstitial)

Question 15

Histo of acute cystitis:

Answer 15

PMNs

exudate

Question 16

Histo of chronic cystitis?

Answer 16

LYMPHOCYTES

epithelial hyperplasia

fibrosis

Question 17

soft, yellow raised plaques

Michaelis-Gutman bodies

E. coli, Proteus

foamy macrophages

Answer 17

Malacoplakia

Question 18

Most common bladder neoplasm:

Answer 18

Transitional cell carcinoma (uroepithilial)

Question 19

Prognosis for “sea anemone” appearing tumors:

Answer 19

good

Question 20

Prognosis for cauliflower appearing tumors:

Answer 20

bad

Question 21

Environmental toxin associated with bladder cancer in workers?

Answer 21

Aniline dye

Question 22

High suspicion for bladder CA with this exam finding:

Answer 22

Gross, painless hematuria

Question 23

Gross, painless hematuria in pt over 40:

Answer 23

bladder CA until proven otherwise

Question 24

RBC casts present on UA indicate:

Answer 24

kidney etiology

Question 25

Hgb on UA but no cells = ?

Answer 25

systemic hemolysis | ie. sickle cell

Question 26

Grade for Transitional cell CA with atypical cells slosely resembling normal?

Answer 26

grade I

Question 27

Grade fro Transitional cell CA with increased mitoses, nuclear pleomorphism, tumor giant cells:

Answer 27

Grade III

Question 28

Most important determinant for prognosis in CA?

Answer 28

Staging!

Question 29

Stage if limited to mucosa but flat:

Answer 29

TIS -- POOR PROG

Question 30

Staging if muscle layer affected:

Answer 30

T2a/b superficial vs deep

Question 31

Stage if invading perivesical fat:

Answer 31

T3

Question 32

Stage if invading adjacent structures?

Answer 32

T4

Question 33

What does N1-3 staging indicate?

Answer 33

nodal involvement

Question 34

M1 staging denotes?

Answer 34

distant metastases POOR PROG **not surgical candidate Tx= chemo

Question 35

Stage if limited to mucosa and pappilary appearance:

Answer 35

Ta

Question 36

Stage if invading lamina propria:

Answer 36

T1

Question 37

Schistosoma haematobium infx, think:

Answer 37

Squamous cell CA **not in USA

Question 38

Childhood associated CA with good prog?

Answer 38

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 39

Non-epithelial bladder CA in adults with poor prog?

Answer 39

Leiomyosarcoma

Question 40

Two classifications of Urethritis:

Answer 40

Gonococcal -Neisseria gonorrhea Nongonococcal - E. coli, other enterics - Chlamydia in sexual active young adults

Question 41

Benign urethral neoplasm at meatus HPV related

Answer 41

Papilloma

Question 42

Benign urethral neoplasm in females painfull red mass meatus

Answer 42

Caruncle

Question 43

Malignant urethral neoplasm in elderly women

Answer 43

Squamous cell CA