Urinary and Bowel Elimination Flashcards
The Urinary System
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra.
. Nephron
The working unit of the kidney
Each kidney contains approximately one million Nephrons
Separate nutrients and minerals from toxins and waste products in the blood
Kidneys
Two bean shaped organs
Act as a filtration system for the blood
. Ureters
Pair of narrow tubes (25 – 30cm long) that transport urine from each kidney to the bladder
Bladder
hollow, muscular sac that stores urine until voided
Urethra
Tube from the bladder to the outside of the body
used to pass urine
Normal Urinary Elimination
approximately 1500 ml of urine daily
Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)
An infection of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or urethra
More common in females
Cystitis
Inflammation of the bladder
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the pelvis or kidney
more common in females
Renal Calculi
kidney stones
Renal Failure
Occurs when the kidneys do not function or are severely impaired
Waste products are not removed from the blood
Acute renal failure
Occurs suddenly after severely decreased blood flow to the kidneys
Bood flow impairment caused by severe bleeding, MI, congestive heart failure, burns, infections or severe allergic reactions
Acute renal failure (Stages)
1) Oliguria Phase: < 400ml urine Q24H occurs and lasts up to 2 weeks
2) Diuresis Phase: When 1000 to 5000ml urine produced daily
3) Recovery Phase: Kidney function returns to normal for 1mo – 1yr
Some people do not recover and develop chronic renal failure
Chronic renal failure
Kidneys cannot meet the body’s demand
No cure
Nephrons are destroyed over many years
Dialysis
The process of removing wastes and excess fluids from the blood
Two types of Dialysis
1) Hemodialysis: Patient’s blood is pumped through a dialysis machine the blood is filtered through a dialyzer (fake kidney)
2) Peritoneal Dialysis: Sterile solution containing minerals and glucose is run through tube into the peritoneal cavity where the peritoneal membrane acts as the semi-permeable membrane
Types of incontinence (S,U,O)
1) Stress Incontinence: Leaking of urine during exercise and certain movements
Loss is small (~50 ml)
Called “dribbling’
2) Urge Incontinence: Loss of urine in response to a sudden, urgent need to void
Can be physical or environmental
3) Overflow Incontinence: Leaking of urine when the bladder is too full
Feels as though the bladder is never emptied
Types of incontinence Continued (F,R)
4) Functional Incontinence: Bladder control but cannot get to the bathroom in time
causes:
5) Reflex Incontinence: Loss of urine at predictable intervals
Urine is lost when the bladder is full even if there is no urge to void
Catheters
Tube to drain or inject fluid through a body opening
Types of Catheters
1) Straight catheter: (in-and-out) Catheter drains the bladder and is immediately removed
2) Indwelling catheter: (retention / Foley catheter) left in the bladder for continuous drainage into a bag
Held in place by a balloon filled with sterile H2O
3) Suprapubic catheter: Surgically inserted through the abdomen, above the pubic bone, into the bladder
Attached to a drainage bag (continuous drainage)
Ostomy
The surgical creation of an artificial opening (stoma)
Follows the removal of part of the intestines
Colostomy
Surgically created opening between the colon and the abdominal wall
The anus does not function and the parts are removed
Type and sites of Colostomy
1) Sigmoid Colostomy (LLQ) - At the end of the large intestine
2) Descending Colostomy (LUQ)
3) Transverse Colostomy (RUQ)
4) Ascending Colostomy (mid to LRQ)
5) Double-Barrel Colostomy – Two stomas are created
ILEOSTOMY
Surgically created opening between the ileum and the abdominal wall
Entire large intestine is bypassed
Liquid feces drain constantly
