Urinary and Bowel Elimination

Question 1

The Urinary System

Answer 1

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra.

Question 2

. Nephron

Answer 2

The working unit of the kidney

Each kidney contains approximately one million Nephrons

Separate nutrients and minerals from toxins and waste products in the blood

Question 3

Kidneys

Answer 3

Two bean shaped organs

Act as a filtration system for the blood

Question 4

. Ureters

Answer 4

Pair of narrow tubes (25 – 30cm long) that transport urine from each kidney to the bladder

Question 5

Bladder

Answer 5

hollow, muscular sac that stores urine until voided

Question 6

Urethra

Answer 6

Tube from the bladder to the outside of the body

used to pass urine

Question 7

Normal Urinary Elimination

Answer 7

approximately 1500 ml of urine daily

Question 8

Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)

Answer 8

An infection of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or urethra

More common in females

Question 9

Cystitis

Answer 9

Inflammation of the bladder

Question 10

Pyelonephritis

Answer 10

Inflammation of the pelvis or kidney

more common in females

Question 11

Renal Calculi

Answer 11

kidney stones

Question 12

Renal Failure

Answer 12

Occurs when the kidneys do not function or are severely impaired

Waste products are not removed from the blood

Question 13

Acute renal failure

Answer 13

Occurs suddenly after severely decreased blood flow to the kidneys

Bood flow impairment caused by severe bleeding, MI, congestive heart failure, burns, infections or severe allergic reactions

Question 14

Acute renal failure (Stages)

Answer 14

1) Oliguria Phase: < 400ml urine Q24H occurs and lasts up to 2 weeks

2) Diuresis Phase: When 1000 to 5000ml urine produced daily

3) Recovery Phase: Kidney function returns to normal for 1mo – 1yr

Some people do not recover and develop chronic renal failure

Question 15

Chronic renal failure

Answer 15

Kidneys cannot meet the body’s demand

No cure

Nephrons are destroyed over many years

Question 16

Dialysis

Answer 16

The process of removing wastes and excess fluids from the blood

Question 17

Two types of Dialysis

Answer 17

1) Hemodialysis: Patient’s blood is pumped through a dialysis machine the blood is filtered through a dialyzer (fake kidney)
2) Peritoneal Dialysis: Sterile solution containing minerals and glucose is run through tube into the peritoneal cavity where the peritoneal membrane acts as the semi-permeable membrane

Question 18

Types of incontinence (S,U,O)

Answer 18

1) Stress Incontinence: Leaking of urine during exercise and certain movements

Loss is small (~50 ml)

Called “dribbling’

2) Urge Incontinence: Loss of urine in response to a sudden, urgent need to void

Can be physical or environmental

3) Overflow Incontinence: Leaking of urine when the bladder is too full

Feels as though the bladder is never emptied

Question 19

Types of incontinence Continued (F,R)

Answer 19

4) Functional Incontinence: Bladder control but cannot get to the bathroom in time
causes:

5) Reflex Incontinence: Loss of urine at predictable intervals

Urine is lost when the bladder is full even if there is no urge to void

Question 20

Catheters

Answer 20

Tube to drain or inject fluid through a body opening

Question 21

Types of Catheters

Answer 21

1) Straight catheter: (in-and-out) Catheter drains the bladder and is immediately removed
2) Indwelling catheter: (retention / Foley catheter) left in the bladder for continuous drainage into a bag

Held in place by a balloon filled with sterile H2O

3) Suprapubic catheter: Surgically inserted through the abdomen, above the pubic bone, into the bladder

Attached to a drainage bag (continuous drainage)

Question 22

Ostomy

Answer 22

The surgical creation of an artificial opening (stoma)

Follows the removal of part of the intestines

Question 23

Colostomy

Answer 23

Surgically created opening between the colon and the abdominal wall

The anus does not function and the parts are removed

Question 24

Type and sites of Colostomy

Answer 24

1) Sigmoid Colostomy (LLQ) - At the end of the large intestine
2) Descending Colostomy (LUQ)
3) Transverse Colostomy (RUQ)
4) Ascending Colostomy (mid to LRQ)
5) Double-Barrel Colostomy – Two stomas are created

Question 25

ILEOSTOMY

Answer 25

Surgically created opening between the ileum and the abdominal wall

Entire large intestine is bypassed

Liquid feces drain constantly