The Endocrine System

Question 1

The Endocrine System

Answer 1

The endocrine glands

Hormones

Question 2

The Function of the Endocrine System

Answer 2

To regulate the activities of other organs and glands in the body

To assist with the metabolism of fats, proteins and
carbohydrates

To assist with the water and electrolyte balance

Question 3

Pituitary Gland

Answer 3

The “MASTER GLAND”

Controls the activities of the other glands

Question 4

Two lobes

Answer 4

1) Anterior lobe secretes: Growth hormone (GH)

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Reproductive hormones

2) Posterior lobe: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Oxytocin

Question 5

Hypothalamus Gland

Answer 5

Produce ADH and oxytocin

Question 6

Pineal Gland

Answer 6

Regulates the sleep-wake cycle with the secretion of melatonin

Question 7

Thyroid Gland

Answer 7

Butterfly shape located in the neck in front of the larynx

Regulates metabolism with the secretion of thyroxine

Question 8

Parathyroid Gland

Answer 8

Four glands – two on either side of the thyroid gland

Regulates Ca+ levels in the body

Question 9

Thymus Gland

Answer 9

Stimulates the immune system

Stores T cells until they are needed by the body

Shrinks after puberty

Question 10

Adrenal Glands

Answer 10

A pair of glands located one on top of each kidney

Question 11

T Cell

Answer 11

Type of white blood cell

Question 12

Two parts of the Adrenal Glands

Answer 12

1) Adrenal medulla (inner): Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Stimulate energy production during emergencies

2) Adrenal cortex (outer): Secretes three groups of hormones

1) Glucocorticoids: Regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates
Control stress and inflammation response

2) Mineralocorticoids: regulate salt

H2O absorption and loss via the kidneys

3) male and female sex hormones

Question 13

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 13

Overactive thyroid gland

Too much thyroid hormone is produced

Question 14

Hypothyroidism

Answer 14

Underactive thyroid gland

Decreased production of thyroid hormone

Question 15

Diabetes

Answer 15

Disorder in which there is too much sugar in the blood due to insufficient or ineffective insulin

Question 16

Hyperglycemia

Answer 16

Too much sugar in the blood generally blood sugar reading > 14

Left untreated, mild hyperglycemia can lead to long term complications

severe hyperglycemia can be life-threatening

Question 17

Normal blood sugar

Answer 17

4-7

Question 18

Two types of diabetes

Answer 18

1) Type 1 diabetes: Pancreas does not produce insulin
2) Type 2 diabetes: Most common type

Pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body does not utilize the insulin produced properly

Treatment often consists of diet and exercise or oral medications

3) Gestational diabetes: Develops during pregnancy

Question 19

The Immune System

Answer 19

Function: To defend the body from internal and external ‘threats’

1) Internal threat – our own cells gone astray (cancer)
2) External threat – pollens and toxins

Question 20

Nonspecific immunity

Answer 20

The body’s reaction to anything it does not recognize as a normal body substance

Question 21

Two lines of defenses (First line) (M,C,R)

Answer 21

Mechanical barriers: intact skin and mucous membranes

Chemical barriers: tears, stomach acid, saliva,

Reflexes: cough, sneeze, vomiting, diarrhea

Question 22

Two lines of defenses (Second line) (P,I,H,F)

Answer 22

Phagocytes: WBC that digest /destroy micro-organisms and other unwanted substances

Inflammation: when tissues are injured or irritated

Histamines: Also cause vessels to leak which causes swelling

Fever: Stimulates phagocytosis and decreases the ability of certain pathogens to multiply

Question 23

Antibodies

Answer 23

Normal body substances that recognize
abnormal/unwanted substances (part of our bodies)

Question 24

Antigens

Answer 24

Abnormal/unwanted substances (not part of are body)

Antigen causes the production of antibodies which

Attack and destroy the antigens

Question 25

Lymphocytes (WBC)

Answer 25

WBC that produce antibodies

Lymphocyte production increases as the body fights an infection

Question 26

phagocytosis

Answer 26

the eating cell

Question 27

B lymphocytes (B cells): (WBC)

Answer 27

Cells that cause the production of antibodies that

Circulate in plasma these B cells respond to specific antigens

Question 28

T lymphocytes (T cells) (WBC)

Answer 28

Cells that destroy invading cells

Question 29

Two processes for immunity to diseases

Answer 29

1) Genetic immunity: Protects a member of one species from disease that afflict an other species
2) Acquired immunity:

Active: acquired by having the disease
the body will develop antibodies against the invaders

Passive: short-lived immunity passed from mother to fetus through the placenta and breast milk lasts up to ~6 mo of age

Question 30

ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

Answer 30

By way of vaccine or immune globulin