Urinary Flashcards
Lumen diameter of a nonobstructed distal feline ureter?
0.4 mm
General diameter of a normal canine ureter?
0.07 times the length of the L2 vertebral body
How many days does bladder mucosa take to reepithelialize?
2-4 days
This process is essential for the recovery of the bladder after injury.
In how many days does the bladder mucosa regain 100% of its unwounded strength?
21 days
Full strength recovery is crucial for the bladder’s function post-injury.
What percentage of canine kidneys are supplied by multiple renal arteries?
13%
This indicates a variation from the typical single renal artery supply.
What percentage of feline kidneys are supplied by multiple renal arteries?
10%
This suggests that similar to canines, a minority of felines have multiple renal arteries.
Which kidney is more likely to have multiple renal arteries?
Left kidney
This anatomical variation is important for surgical considerations.
What is the starting point of renal arterial supply?
Aorta
The aorta is the main artery from which renal arteries branch off.
What branches arise from the renal artery at the renal hilus?
Dorsal & ventral branches
These branches supply different regions of the kidney.
How many interlobar arteries typically branch from the renal artery?
3-7
The number of interlobar arteries can vary between individuals.
Where do the arcuate arteries form?
Corticomedullary junction
This junction is where the cortex meets the medulla in the kidney.
What do interlobar arteries give rise to?
Afferent glomerular arterioles
Afferent arterioles lead to the glomeruli where filtration occurs.
What structures are formed by the afferent glomerular arterioles?
Glomerular tufts
Glomerular tufts are networks of capillaries where blood filtration takes place.
What type of arterioles follow the glomerular tufts?
Efferent glomerular arterioles
Efferent arterioles carry blood away from the glomeruli.
What do efferent glomerular arterioles supply?
Intertubular capillaries
AKA peritubular capillaries
## Footnote
These capillaries surround the nephron tubules for nutrient and waste exchange.
What is the final destination of blood in the renal venous system?
Caudal Vena Cava
The blood is ultimately drained from the kidneys into the systemic circulation.
What is the length of the urethra?
8.5-10.5 cm long
What is the diameter of the pre-and post-prostatic urethra?
2 mm in diameter
At what level does the urethra narrow to 1.3 mm?
At the level of the bulbourethral glands
To what diameter does the urethra narrow at the penile urethra?
0.7 mm
Fill in the blank: The pre-and post-prostatic urethra has a diameter of _______.
2 mm
True or False: The urethra narrows to 0.7 mm at the bulbourethral glands.
False
What is the diameter of the urethra at the bulbourethral glands?
1.3 mm
What is the primary hormone produced by the glomerulosa layer of the adrenal cortex?
Mineralocorticoids aka aldosterone
Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium balance in the body.
What hormones are produced by the fasciculata layer of the adrenal cortex?
Glucocorticoids aka cortisol
Cortisol is involved in metabolism and stress response.
What is the primary function of the reticularis layer of the adrenal cortex?
Produces sex hormones (minimal)
These hormones include androgens and estrogens.
What type of cells in the adrenal medulla produce norepinephrine and epinephrine?
Chromaffin cells
Chromaffin cells are derived from neural crest cells.
What is the approximate ratio of epinephrine to norepinephrine production in cats?
EPI 70% and NEPI 30%
This indicates a higher production of epinephrine in cats compared to norepinephrine.
What is the approximate ratio of epinephrine to norepinephrine production in dogs?
EPI 60% and NEPI 40%
This shows a slightly lower production of epinephrine compared to cats.
How much more potent is epinephrine on beta receptors compared to norepinephrine?
20x more potent
This potency difference influences the physiological effects of these hormones.
