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biosciences 2 > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the urinary system

A

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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2
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys

A

regulation of ion levels in blood
regulation of blood volume + BP
regulation of blood pH
production of hormones
excretion of wastes

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3
Q

What is the path of urine drainage

A

collecting duct
papillary duct
minor calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder

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4
Q

What are the main two sections of the kidney

A

Renal cortex (outer)
Renal Medulla (inner)

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5
Q

what is the primary functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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6
Q

what are the main structure associated with the nephron

A

bowmans capsule
glomerulus
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle (descending and ascending)
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct

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7
Q

what are the functions of the nephron

A

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

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8
Q

Where is the primary site for water reabsorption

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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9
Q

where is the primary site for sodium reabsorption

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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10
Q

where is the primary site for glucose reabsorption

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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11
Q

what is the constitution of the ureter walls

A

transitional epithelium (mucosa)
smooth muscle
areolar connective tissue

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12
Q

what is the correct term for releasing urine

A

micturition

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13
Q

Physical characteristics of normal urine - volume

A

one to two liters in 24 hours but can vary

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14
Q

Physical characteristics of normal urine - color

A

yellow or amber but varies depending on diet and concentration

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15
Q

Physical characteristics of normal urine - turbidity

A

transparent when freshly passed

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16
Q

Physical characteristics of normal urine - odor

A

mildly aromatic but becomes ammonia like after time

17
Q

Physical characteristics of normal urine - pH

A

ranges between 4.6 and 8.0 varying with diet

18
Q

Physical characteristics of normal urine - density

A

ranges from 1.001 to 1.035 depending on concentration of solutes

19
Q

Abnormal constituents - albumin (albuminuria)

A

found in blood plasma
indicates increase in permeability of filtering membranes
due to injury, disease, increase BP, damage to kidney cells

20
Q

Abnormal constituents - Glucose (glucosuria)

A

usually indicates diabetes mellitus

21
Q

Abnormal constituents - Red blood cells (hematuria)

A

caused by acute inflammation of urinary organs - kidney stones, tumors, trauma, kidney disease

22
Q

Abnormal constituents - white blood cells (pyuria)

A

infection in kidneys or other urinary organs

23
Q

Abnormal constituents - ketone bodies (ketonuria)

A

means body is using fat rather than glucose for energy
may indicate diabetes, anorexia, starvation or too little carbohydrate in diet

24
Q

Abnormal constituents - bilirubin (bilirubinuria)

A

comes from the breakdown of red blood cells
caused by issues in the liver

25
Q

Abnormal constituents - urobilinogen (urobilinogenuria)

A

elevated levels may be due to anemia, infectious hepatitis, obstruction of bile ducts, jaundice, cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, infectious mononucleosis

26
Q

Abnormal constituents - casts

A

tiny hardened masses in the shape of a tubule
flushed out by glomerular filtrate

27
Q

Abnormal constituents - Microbes

A

number and type of microbe can vary
can be indicative of bacterial or fungal infection in urinary tract

28
Q

What is the neutralization reaction between acids and bases

A

Acid + Base –> Salt + Water

29
Q

what is a buffer

A

substance that acts quickly to temporarily bind H+ to reduce acidity

30
Q

How does exhaling CO2 affect pH

A

increased CO2 results in higher H+ concentration and therefore lower pH
decreased CO2 results in lower H+ and higher pH

31
Q

How do the kidneys affect pH

A

kidneys secrete H+ via urine
this is the slowest but also primary method for acid elimination

32
Q

define acidosis

A

systemic arterial blood pH below 7.35
causes depression of central nervous system

33
Q

define alkalosis

A

systemic arterial blood pH above 7.45
causes overexcitability of central nervous system

34
Q

what are buffer systems

A

convert strong acids and bases to weak acids and bases to prevent drastic changes in body pH

35
Q

Buffers - Proteins

A

most abundant buffer found in body cells and blood
eg: hemoglobin + albumin

36
Q

Buffers - carbonic acid bicarbonate

A

most abundant in extracellular fluid
regulators of blood pH

37
Q

Buffers - phosphates

A

most abundant in intracellular fluid and urine

38
Q

Buffers - exhalation of CO2

A

increased CO2 levels = higher H+ and lower pH
decreased CO2 levels = lover H+ and higher pH

biosciences 2 (11 decks)

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