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Biosciences 2 > Nervous > Flashcards

Nervous Flashcards

1
Q

What elements make up the Central Nervous system

A

brain
spinal cord

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2
Q

what elements make up the peripheral nervous system

A

nerves
ganglia
enteric plexuses
sensory receptors
SNS, ANS, ENS

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3
Q

What is the somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

skeletal muscles
sensory neurons that conduct impulses from somatic and special receptors to the CNS and motor neurons

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4
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
sensory neurons from visceral organs and motor neurons that convey impulses from the CNS to muscle tissue and glands
separated into sympathetic and parasympathetic

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5
Q

What is the enteric nervous system (ENS)

A

gastrointestinal tract
neurons in enteric plexuses in the gastrointestinal tract
operates separately from the ANS AND CNS

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6
Q

what are neurons

A

specialized cells for nerve impulse conduction

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7
Q

what are neuroglia

A

structures that support nourish and protect neurons

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8
Q

what are afferent neurons

A

sensory neurons

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9
Q

what are efferent neurons

A

motor neurons

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10
Q

what are interneurons

A

connecting neurons between sensory and motor neurons

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11
Q

what are the major parts of a neuron

A

dendrite
cell body + neuron
axon
myelin sheath
axon terminal + synaptic end

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12
Q

What is the difference between multipolar, bipolar and unipolar neurons

A

the cell body is in different places
multipolar - in dendrite
bipolar - above axon
unipolar- alongside axon

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13
Q

What is the function of astrocytes (CNS)

A

supports neurons, protect from harmful substance, maintain proper chemical environment, form blood brain barrier

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14
Q

what is the function of Microglial cells (CNS)

A

protect CNS cells from disease by engulfing invading microbes

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15
Q

what is the function of Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

A

produce and maintain myelin sheath

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16
Q

what is the function of ependymal cells (CNS)

A

line ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord

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17
Q

what is the function of Schwann cells (PNS)

A

produce and maintain myelin sheath

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18
Q

what is the function of satellite cells (PNS)

A

support neurons in PNS ganglia regulate exchange of materials between neurons and interstitial fluid

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19
Q

what is white matter

A

primarily myelinated axons

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20
Q

what is grey matter

A

neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, unmyelinated axons, neuroglia
forms H shaped inner core in spinal cord
provides thin superficial shell to cerebellum and cerebrum in brain

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21
Q

what is a ganglion

A

cluster of neuronal cell bodies in PNS

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22
Q

what is a nerve

A

bundle of axons located in PNS

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23
Q

define polarized

A

a cell that exhibits a membrane potential

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24
Q

what is a resting membrane potential

A

-70mV

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25
Q

What is the process for achieving an action potential in continuous conduction

A

1 - Na+ channels open resulting in depolarization
2 - K+ channels open resulting in repolarization and recovery to resting
impulse generated is always constant size

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26
Q

what is saltatory conduction

A

a nerve impulse leaps from one node of ranvier to the next along a myelinated axon

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27
Q

How does synaptic transmission occur

A

at the synapse and neurotransmitter is released from a presynpatic neuron to a post synaptic neuron

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28
Q

what is an excitatory neurotransmitter

A

depolarizes the postsynaptic neurons membrane
increases the chance of once or more action potentials

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29
Q

what is an inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

hyperpolarizes the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron
inhibiting action potential generation

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30
Q

name some important neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine, glutamate, aspartate, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, neuropeptides, nitric oxide

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31
Q

what are the three layers of the meninges

A

protects brain and spinal cord
dura mater - outer
arachnoid mater - middle
pia mater - inner

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32
Q

What is the name of the roots of the spinal nerves

A

cauda equina

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33
Q

Where does the spinal cord branch

A

cervical enlargement - supplies upper limbs
lumbar enlargement - supplies lower limbs

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34
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

A

31 pairs

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35
Q

what is the structure of spinal nerves

A

axons wrapped in endoneurium
endoneurium arranged in bundles called fascicles
fascicles wrapped in perineurium
perineurium wrapped in epineurium

36
Q

what is a reflex arc

A

pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex

37
Q

what is the reflex arc pathway

A

1 - stretch stimulates sensory receptor
2 - sensory neuron carries signal to brain
3 - integrating center in grey matter activates motor neuron
4 - motor neuron carries signal to effector
5 - effector contracts and relieves the stretching

38
Q

how many neurons in the brain

A

85 billion

39
Q

what are the four major parts of the brain

A

brain stem
diencephalon
cerebrum
cerebellum

40
Q

what is Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

clear colorless liquid that carries oxygen, glucose, and other chemicals to neurons and neuroglia and removes waste

41
Q

what is the site of CSF production

A

choroid plexus

42
Q

where does CSF circulate

A

through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord and through cavities called ventricles

43
Q

what are the three sections of the brainstem

A

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain

44
Q

what is the role of the midbrain

A

connects pons to diencephalon
help coordinate muscular movements

45
Q

what are the major regions of the diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
pineal gland

46
Q

what is function of the thalamus

A

major relay station for most sensory impulses

47
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus

A

controls and intergrates activities of the autonomic nervous system
controls pituitary gland + hormones
regulates emotions
regulates eating and drinking
controls body temp
regulation of circadian rhythms and consciousness

48
Q

what is the function of the pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin

49
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum

A

compare intended movements with what is actually happening
proprioception

50
Q

what are the folds in the cerebral cortex known as

A

gyri

51
Q

what are the grooves between the folds known as

A

sulci

52
Q

what fissure separates the cerebrum into right and left

A

longitudinal fissure

53
Q

what is the limbic system

A

emotional brain

54
Q

what is the role of the left brain

A

spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills and reasoning

55
Q

what is the role of the right brain

A

spatial and pattern recognition and emotional content

56
Q

what is the function of the cerebrum

A

perception of sensory information
voluntary movements
memory, personality traits, intelligence

57
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there

A

12

58
Q

what is the function of the olfactory nerve (I)

A

sensory: smell

59
Q

what is the function of the optic nerve (II)

A

sensory: vision

60
Q

what is the function of the oculomotor nerve (III)

A

motor: movement of the upper eyelid and eyeball

61
Q

what is the function of the trochlear nerve (IV)

A

motor: movement of the eyeball

62
Q

what is the function of the trigeminal nerve (V)

A

sensory: touch, pain, temperature, proprioception
motor: chewing

63
Q

what is the function of the abducens nerve (VI)

A

motor: movement of eyeball

64
Q

what is the function of the facial nerve (VII)

A

sensory: taste, proprioception, touch, pain, temperature
motor: facial expressions, tears and saliva

65
Q

what is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

A

sensory vestibular: equilibrium
sensory cochlear: hearing

66
Q

what is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

A

sensory: taste and somatic sensations, monitoring BP, O2, CO2 for breathing regulation
motor: swallowing, speech, saliva

67
Q

what is the function of the vagus nerve (X)

A

sensory: taste and somatic sensations from pharynx and epiglottis, monitoring of BP, O2, CO2, sensation in GI tract
motor: swallowing, coughing, voice production, smooth muscle contraction, relaxation in GI tract, slowing HR, secretion of digestive fluids

68
Q

what is the function of the accessory nerve (XI)

A

motor: movement of head and shoulders

69
Q

what is the function of the hypoglossal nerve (XII)

A

motor: movement of tongue during speech and swallowing

70
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system regulated by

A

hypothalamus and brain stem

71
Q

what is the different between effectors in the SNS AND ANS

A

SNS - skeletal muscles
ANS - cardiac, smooth muscle and glands

72
Q

what is the different between type of control in the SNS AND ANS

A

SNS - mainly voluntary
ANS - mainly involuntary

73
Q

what is the different between neural pathway in the SNS AND ANS

A

SNS - one motor neuron from CNS to skeletal muscle fiber
ANS - motor neuron extends from CNS to another motor neuron with a ganglion which then synapses with an effector

74
Q

what is the different between neurotransmitters in the SNS AND ANS

A

SNS - acetylcholine
ANS - acetylcholine or norepinephrine

75
Q

what is a preganglionic neuron

A

cell bodies in CNS and axons that terminate in peripheral ganglions

76
Q

what is a ganglion

A

collection of neuronal bodies found in the PNS

77
Q

what is a postganglionic neuron

A

cell bodies in CNS that end in a visceral effector

78
Q

what are the four paths a preganglionic neuron transmission can take after synapsing with a sympathetic trunk ganglion (STG)

A

1 - synapse with postganglionic neurons in initial STG
2 - ascend or descend to another STG before synapsing with postganglionic neurons
3 - continue without synapsing through STG to synapse with postganglionic neurons at that end
4 - terminate in adrenal medulla

79
Q

where do nerve impulses to the parasympathetic division come from

A

cranial nerve nuclei and sacral segments of the spinal cord

80
Q

where do the nerve impulses to the sympathetic division come from

A

thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord

81
Q

what are the neurotransmitters released by the ANS

A

acetylcholine and norepinephrine

82
Q

what ANS neurons release acetylcholine

A

all preganglionic neurons
all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
a few sympathetic postganglionic neurons

83
Q

what neurotransmitter is released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons

A

norepinephrine

84
Q

what is activation of the sympathetic division also known as

A

fight or flight

85
Q

what is the activation of the parasympathetic division also known as

A

rest and digest

Biosciences 2 (11 decks)

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