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Biosciences 2 > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

what are essential nutrients

A

must be obtained from diet

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2
Q

how many calories does 1 gram of protein or carbs produce

A

4 calories

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3
Q

how many calories does 1 gram of fat produce

A

9 calories

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4
Q

what elements make up carbs

A

C, H, O

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5
Q

what are the two types of carbs

A

simple sugars - glucose, fructose
complex sugars - starch, glycogen, cellulose

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6
Q

what is the function of carbs

A

energy
energy storage
dietary fibre

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7
Q

define glycogenesis

A

synthesis of glycogen from glucose

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8
Q

define glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

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9
Q

what elements make up proteins

A

C, H, O, N, S

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10
Q

what are the functions of proteins

A

structural - growth and repair
functional - enzymes and hormones
energy in starvation state

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11
Q

what elements make up lipids

A

C, H, O, P, N

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12
Q

what are the types of lipids

A

fatty acids
triglycerides
sterols
phospholipids

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13
Q

what are the functions of lipids

A

energy storage
insulation
protection
cell membranes
steroid hormones
bile
local acting hormones

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14
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - calcium

A

formation of bones and teeth
blood clotting
normal muscle and nerve activity
endocytosis and exocytosis
cellular motility
glycogen metabolism
release of neurotransmitters

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15
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - phosphorus

A

formation of bones and teeth
major blood buffer
muscle contraction
nerve activity

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16
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - potassium (K+)

A

generation and conduction of action potentials

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17
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - sulfur

A

component of hormones and vitamins
ATP production in electron transport chain

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18
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - sodium

A

affects water distribution via osmosis
bicarbonate buffer system
action potential conduction

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18
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - chloride

A

acid base balance in blood
water balance
formation of HCl in stomach

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19
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - magnesium

A

normal function of muscle and nervous tissue
bone formation

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20
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - iron

A

component of hemoglobin

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21
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - iodide

A

synthesize thyroid hormones for metabolic rate

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22
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - manganese

A

activates enzymes
synthesis of hemoglobin
urea formation
growth
reproduction
lactation
bone formation

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23
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - copper

A

synthesis of hemoglobin

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24
Function of Principle Minerals - cobalt
part of vit b12 required for erythropoiesis
25
Function of Principle Minerals - zinc
carbon dioxide metabolism normal growth and wound healing taste and appetite sperm count protein digestion
26
Function of Principle Minerals - fluoride
improve tooth structure
27
Function of Principle Minerals - selenium
thyroid hormones sperm motility antioxidant
28
Function of Principle Minerals - chromium
normal activity of insulin
29
Function of principle vitamins - A
general health of epithelial cells formation of light sensitive pigments in retina growth of bones and teeth
30
Function of principle vitamins - D
absorption of calcium and phosphorus
31
Function of principle vitamins - E
inhibits catabolism of certain fatty acids formation of DNA RNA and red blood cells prevents scarring
32
Function of principle vitamins - K
synthesis of clotting factors including prothrombin
33
Function of principle vitamins - B3 (thiamine)
coenzyme breaks C-C bonds synthesis of acetylcholine
34
Function of principle vitamins - B2 (riboflavin)
involved in carb and protein metabolism
35
Function of principle vitamins - Niacin
component of NAD and NADP inhibits production of cholesterol
36
Function of principle vitamins - B (pyridoxine)
normal amino acid metabolism circulating antibodies
37
Function of principle vitamins - B12
red blood cell formation amino acid formation
38
Function of principle vitamins - pantothenic acid
constituent of coenzyme A
39
Function of principle vitamins - folic acid
synthesizing nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA production of red and white blood cells
40
Function of principle vitamins - biotin
conversion of pyruvic acid to oxaloacetic acid synthesis of fatty acids
41
Function of principle vitamins - C (ascorbic acids)
synthesis of collagen promotes wound healing
42
Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - A
Deficiency: dry skin and hair, ear sinus digestive system infections, inability to gain weight night blindness fault development of bones and teeth Hypervitaminosis: birth defects, dry skin, hair loss, liver issues, reduced bone density
43
Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - D
Deficiency: rickets and osteomalacia Hypervitaminosis: constipation, anorexia, fatigue, dehydration, muscle weakness, vomiting, kidney damage
44
Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - E
Deficiency: abnormal structure and function of mitochondria, hemolytic anemia Hypervitaminosis - headaches, fatigue, double vision, diarrhea
45
Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - K
Deficiency: delayed clotting Hypervitaminosis: skin rash, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, liver damage
46
Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - B1
Deficiency: buildup of pyruvic and lactic acid - paralysis of smooth GI muscle, degeneration of myelin sheaths - impaired reflexes and sense of touch and stunted growth Hypervitaminosis: irritability, insomnia, skin rashes, headaches
47
Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - B2
Deficiency: faulty use of oxygen - blurred vision, cataracts, corneal ulcerations Hypervitaminosis: Itching, sensitivity to light, numbness, orange tinted urine
48
Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - Niacin
Deficiency: dermatitis, diarrhea, psychological disturbances Hypervitaminosis: flushing of skin, nausea, diarrhea, liver damage
49
Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - B3
Deficiency: dermatitis of eyes nose and mouth, retarded growth and nausea Hypervitaminosis: nerve damage, numbness, lack of coordination
50
Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - B12
Deficiency: pernicious anemia, neuropsychiatric abnormalities, impaired osteoblast activity Hypervitaminosis: excessive urination, diarrhea, increased thirst, palpitations, insomnia, hypothyroidism
51
Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - Pantothenic acid
Deficiency: Fatigue, muscle spasm, vomiting, insomnia, insufficient production of adrenal steroid hormone Hypervitaminosis: Diarrhea
52
Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - Folic acid
Deficiency: production of abnormally large red blood cells Hypervitaminosis: diarrhea, insomnia, fatigue, numbness in mouth, irritability, allergic reactions
53
Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - biotin
Deficiency: mental depression, muscular pain, dermatitis, fatigue, nausea
54
Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - C
Deficiency: scurvy, anemia, poor collagen formation, impaired immune response Hypervitaminosis: kidney stones and gallstones
55
what is the daily intake requirement for 4-6 months
645 - 690 kcal
56
what is the daily intake requirement for 4-6 years
1545-1715kcal
57
what is the daily intake requirement for an adolescent
2110-2711kcal
58
what is cellular respiration
catabolism of glucose to produce ATP`
59
what is the equation for ATP production
1 glucose + 6 O2 = 30 OR 32 ATP + 6CO2 + 6 H2O
60
which catabolism is anaerobic
lipid catabolism
61

Biosciences 2 (11 decks)

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