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Biosciences 2 > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

what are essential nutrients

A

must be obtained from diet

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2
Q

how many calories does 1 gram of protein or carbs produce

A

4 calories

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3
Q

how many calories does 1 gram of fat produce

A

9 calories

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4
Q

what elements make up carbs

A

C, H, O

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5
Q

what are the two types of carbs

A

simple sugars - glucose, fructose
complex sugars - starch, glycogen, cellulose

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6
Q

what is the function of carbs

A

energy
energy storage
dietary fibre

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7
Q

define glycogenesis

A

synthesis of glycogen from glucose

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8
Q

define glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

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9
Q

what elements make up proteins

A

C, H, O, N, S

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10
Q

what are the functions of proteins

A

structural - growth and repair
functional - enzymes and hormones
energy in starvation state

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11
Q

what elements make up lipids

A

C, H, O, P, N

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12
Q

what are the types of lipids

A

fatty acids
triglycerides
sterols
phospholipids

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13
Q

what are the functions of lipids

A

energy storage
insulation
protection
cell membranes
steroid hormones
bile
local acting hormones

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14
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - calcium

A

formation of bones and teeth
blood clotting
normal muscle and nerve activity
endocytosis and exocytosis
cellular motility
glycogen metabolism
release of neurotransmitters

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15
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - phosphorus

A

formation of bones and teeth
major blood buffer
muscle contraction
nerve activity

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16
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - potassium (K+)

A

generation and conduction of action potentials

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17
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - sulfur

A

component of hormones and vitamins
ATP production in electron transport chain

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18
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - sodium

A

affects water distribution via osmosis
bicarbonate buffer system
action potential conduction

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18
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - chloride

A

acid base balance in blood
water balance
formation of HCl in stomach

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19
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - magnesium

A

normal function of muscle and nervous tissue
bone formation

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20
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - iron

A

component of hemoglobin

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21
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - iodide

A

synthesize thyroid hormones for metabolic rate

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22
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - manganese

A

activates enzymes
synthesis of hemoglobin
urea formation
growth
reproduction
lactation
bone formation

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23
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - copper

A

synthesis of hemoglobin

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24
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - cobalt

A

part of vit b12 required for erythropoiesis

25
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - zinc

A

carbon dioxide metabolism
normal growth and wound healing
taste and appetite
sperm count
protein digestion

26
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - fluoride

A

improve tooth structure

27
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - selenium

A

thyroid hormones
sperm motility
antioxidant

28
Q

Function of Principle Minerals - chromium

A

normal activity of insulin

29
Q

Function of principle vitamins - A

A

general health of epithelial cells
formation of light sensitive pigments in retina
growth of bones and teeth

30
Q

Function of principle vitamins - D

A

absorption of calcium and phosphorus

31
Q

Function of principle vitamins - E

A

inhibits catabolism of certain fatty acids
formation of DNA RNA and red blood cells
prevents scarring

32
Q

Function of principle vitamins - K

A

synthesis of clotting factors including prothrombin

33
Q

Function of principle vitamins - B3 (thiamine)

A

coenzyme
breaks C-C bonds
synthesis of acetylcholine

34
Q

Function of principle vitamins - B2 (riboflavin)

A

involved in carb and protein metabolism

35
Q

Function of principle vitamins - Niacin

A

component of NAD and NADP
inhibits production of cholesterol

36
Q

Function of principle vitamins - B (pyridoxine)

A

normal amino acid metabolism
circulating antibodies

37
Q

Function of principle vitamins - B12

A

red blood cell formation
amino acid formation

38
Q

Function of principle vitamins - pantothenic acid

A

constituent of coenzyme A

39
Q

Function of principle vitamins - folic acid

A

synthesizing nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA
production of red and white blood cells

40
Q

Function of principle vitamins - biotin

A

conversion of pyruvic acid to oxaloacetic acid
synthesis of fatty acids

41
Q

Function of principle vitamins - C (ascorbic acids)

A

synthesis of collagen
promotes wound healing

42
Q

Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - A

A

Deficiency: dry skin and hair, ear sinus digestive system infections, inability to gain weight
night blindness
fault development of bones and teeth
Hypervitaminosis: birth defects, dry skin, hair loss, liver issues, reduced bone density

43
Q

Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - D

A

Deficiency: rickets and osteomalacia
Hypervitaminosis: constipation, anorexia, fatigue, dehydration, muscle weakness, vomiting, kidney damage

44
Q

Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - E

A

Deficiency: abnormal structure and function of mitochondria, hemolytic anemia
Hypervitaminosis - headaches, fatigue, double vision, diarrhea

45
Q

Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - K

A

Deficiency: delayed clotting
Hypervitaminosis: skin rash, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, liver damage

46
Q

Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - B1

A

Deficiency: buildup of pyruvic and lactic acid - paralysis of smooth GI muscle, degeneration of myelin sheaths - impaired reflexes and sense of touch and stunted growth
Hypervitaminosis: irritability, insomnia, skin rashes, headaches

47
Q

Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - B2

A

Deficiency: faulty use of oxygen - blurred vision, cataracts, corneal ulcerations
Hypervitaminosis: Itching, sensitivity to light, numbness, orange tinted urine

48
Q

Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - Niacin

A

Deficiency: dermatitis, diarrhea, psychological disturbances
Hypervitaminosis: flushing of skin, nausea, diarrhea, liver damage

49
Q

Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - B3

A

Deficiency: dermatitis of eyes nose and mouth, retarded growth and nausea
Hypervitaminosis: nerve damage, numbness, lack of coordination

50
Q

Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - B12

A

Deficiency: pernicious anemia, neuropsychiatric abnormalities, impaired osteoblast activity
Hypervitaminosis: excessive urination, diarrhea, increased thirst, palpitations, insomnia, hypothyroidism

51
Q

Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - Pantothenic acid

A

Deficiency: Fatigue, muscle spasm, vomiting, insomnia, insufficient production of adrenal steroid hormone
Hypervitaminosis: Diarrhea

52
Q

Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - Folic acid

A

Deficiency: production of abnormally large red blood cells
Hypervitaminosis: diarrhea, insomnia, fatigue, numbness in mouth, irritability, allergic reactions

53
Q

Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - biotin

A

Deficiency: mental depression, muscular pain, dermatitis, fatigue, nausea

54
Q

Deficiency + Hypervitaminosis - C

A

Deficiency: scurvy, anemia, poor collagen formation, impaired immune response
Hypervitaminosis: kidney stones and gallstones

55
Q

what is the daily intake requirement for 4-6 months

A

645 - 690 kcal

56
Q

what is the daily intake requirement for 4-6 years

A

1545-1715kcal

57
Q

what is the daily intake requirement for an adolescent

A

2110-2711kcal

58
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

catabolism of glucose to produce ATP`

59
Q

what is the equation for ATP production

A

1 glucose + 6 O2 = 30 OR 32 ATP + 6CO2 + 6 H2O

60
Q

which catabolism is anaerobic

A

lipid catabolism

61
Q
A

Biosciences 2 (11 decks)

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