Embryology and Pregnancy

Question 1

what is the path of sperm during fertilization

Answer 1

1 - corona radiata
2 - zona pellucida
3 - plasma membrane of secondary membrane
4 - cytoplasm of secondary oocyte

Question 2

What is the stages of development for a fertilized oocyte

Answer 2

1 - cleavage pf zygote - two cell
2 - cleavage of zygote - four cell
3 - morula
4 - blastocyst
5 - implantation

Question 3

are the two main parts of the blastocyst

Answer 3

trophoblast - will become placenta
embryoblast - will become embryo

Question 4

what is the hypoblast

Answer 4

part of blastocyst that will form the yolk sac
the yolk sac transfers nutrients to the embryo, forms blood cells, produces germ cells, forms part of the gut

Question 5

what is the germinal phase

Answer 5

0-12/14 days
encompasses - fertilization, cleavage, differentiation, implantation, separation of blastocyst into layers

Question 6

what are chorionic villi

Answer 6

projections of the chorion that connect to the embryonic heart so that maternal and fetal blood vessels can be in close proximity

Question 7

what does the ectoderm develop into

Answer 7

hair
retina
nervous system

Question 8

what does the endoderm develop into

Answer 8

lungs
liver
gut endothelium

Question 9

what does the mesoderm develop into

Answer 9

blood cells
skeleton
striated muscle

Question 10

what do hES (layered blastocysts) develop into

Answer 10

Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm

Question 11

what happens during gastrulation

Answer 11

develops into embryo consisting of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

Question 12

when does neuralation occur

Answer 12

days 18-23
neural plate begins to develop
here is where issues with the meninges may present themselves

Question 13

what occurs during angiogenesis 1

Answer 13

day 22
individual blood cells appear and form tubes
heart starts to develop - begins beating day 23

Question 14

what occurs during angiogenesis 2

Answer 14

day 26
rudimentary blood system
folded heart - single chamber

Question 15

when does the formation of body organs occur

Answer 15

during 4th week - upper and lower limb buds develop

Question 16

what has occurred by the end of the 8th week

Answer 16

all organs and systems present
end of embryological phase
limbs developed
genitalia beginning to develop

Question 17

when is the fetal phase

Answer 17

9 weeks to full term

Question 18

what growth occurs during the 2nd trimester

Answer 18

growth and length

Question 19

what growth occurs during the 3rd trimester

Answer 19

weight

Question 20

what is a patent foramen ovale

Answer 20

a hole between the right and left atria often called a hole in the heart

Question 21

what is colostrum

Answer 21

fluid rick in fats/proteins secreted from the breast before true breast milk

Question 22

how is estrogen and progesterone produced during pregnancy

Answer 22

corpus luteum produces during first 3-4 months
placenta produces for rest of duration

Question 23

what is the function of hCG

Answer 23

human chorionic gonadotrophin
maintains endometrium
prepares mammary glands for lactation
prepares body for birth

Question 24

what is the function of hPL

Answer 24

Human placental lactogen - contributes to breast development

Question 25

What is the function of CRH

Answer 25

corticotrophin-releasing hormone - establishes timing of birth by stimulating the secretion of cortisol

Question 26

Physiological maternal changes - Heart

Answer 26

increased size to accommodate blood volume increased output displaced up and forwards reversible ECG changes increase HR and palpitations

Question 27

Physiological maternal changes - blood and vessels

Answer 27

lower diastolic pressure - fainting and dizziness relaxation of vessels - varicose veins increased volume non specific immunity increased

Question 28

Physiological maternal changes - skin

Answer 28

estrogen and progesterone increase production of melanocyte - increased skin pigmentation stretching of skin

Question 29

Physiological maternal changes - musculoskeletal

Answer 29

softening of joints and ligaments altered sense of gravity altered Ca2+ metabolism - leg cramps

Question 30

Physiological maternal changes - GI

Answer 30

nausea and vomiting (linked to hCG) increased gum disease and bleeding hormones relax smooth muscle

Question 31

Physiological maternal changes - renal

Answer 31

GFR increased kidneys enlarge anatomical changes - risk of UTI

Question 32

what is amniocentesis

Answer 32

remove amniotic fluid to analyze for genetic abnormalities performed between 14-18 weeks

Question 33

what is chorionic villi sampling

Answer 33

catheter inserted through vagina to collect a tissue sample from the chorionic villi for genetic testing performed at 8 weeks

Question 34

define teratogens

Answer 34

any agent or influence that can cause developmental defects in an embryo

Question 35

what part of the uterus contracts during labour

Answer 35

myometrium

Question 36

what happens during dilation in labor

Answer 36

cervix dilates 10cm baby pushes against cervix uterine contraction become more frequent

Question 37

what happens during expulsion in labor

Answer 37

baby is pushed out head first uterus contracts using positive feedback oxytocin released

Question 38

what happens during secondary expulsion in labor

Answer 38

placenta and membranes and expelled high risk of hemorrhage

Question 39

what respiratory adjustments must be made my the baby after birth

Answer 39

transition to breathing air surfactant allowing lungs to easily inflate after birth

Question 40

what cardiovascular adjustments must be made by the baby after birth

Answer 40

in utero 90% of blood bypasses lungs foramen ovale (valve) allows blood to flow into pulmonary circuit during first hours of life closes after first breath when pressures are equalized must seal at 12 hours old otherwise can be known as hole in the heart

Question 41

what thermoregulatory adjustments must be made by the baby after birth

Answer 41

heat loss must be minimized after birth specialised brown adipose tissue produces heat via mitochondrial reaction

Question 42

what hormones are associated with lactation

Answer 42

prolactin - (anterior pituitary) stimulates milk production oxytocin - release of milk

Question 43

why is it important for babies to be breastfed

Answer 43

breast milk contains immune factor and changes in response to infants needs