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Biosciences 2 > Embryology and Pregnancy > Flashcards

Embryology and Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the path of sperm during fertilization

A

1 - corona radiata
2 - zona pellucida
3 - plasma membrane of secondary membrane
4 - cytoplasm of secondary oocyte

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2
Q

What is the stages of development for a fertilized oocyte

A

1 - cleavage pf zygote - two cell
2 - cleavage of zygote - four cell
3 - morula
4 - blastocyst
5 - implantation

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3
Q

are the two main parts of the blastocyst

A

trophoblast - will become placenta
embryoblast - will become embryo

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4
Q

what is the hypoblast

A

part of blastocyst that will form the yolk sac
the yolk sac transfers nutrients to the embryo, forms blood cells, produces germ cells, forms part of the gut

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5
Q

what is the germinal phase

A

0-12/14 days
encompasses - fertilization, cleavage, differentiation, implantation, separation of blastocyst into layers

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6
Q

what are chorionic villi

A

projections of the chorion that connect to the embryonic heart so that maternal and fetal blood vessels can be in close proximity

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7
Q

what does the ectoderm develop into

A

hair
retina
nervous system

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8
Q

what does the endoderm develop into

A

lungs
liver
gut endothelium

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9
Q

what does the mesoderm develop into

A

blood cells
skeleton
striated muscle

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10
Q

what do hES (layered blastocysts) develop into

A

Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm

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11
Q

what happens during gastrulation

A

develops into embryo consisting of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

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12
Q

when does neuralation occur

A

days 18-23
neural plate begins to develop
here is where issues with the meninges may present themselves

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13
Q

what occurs during angiogenesis 1

A

day 22
individual blood cells appear and form tubes
heart starts to develop - begins beating day 23

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14
Q

what occurs during angiogenesis 2

A

day 26
rudimentary blood system
folded heart - single chamber

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15
Q

when does the formation of body organs occur

A

during 4th week - upper and lower limb buds develop

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16
Q

what has occurred by the end of the 8th week

A

all organs and systems present
end of embryological phase
limbs developed
genitalia beginning to develop

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17
Q

when is the fetal phase

A

9 weeks to full term

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18
Q

what growth occurs during the 2nd trimester

A

growth and length

19
Q

what growth occurs during the 3rd trimester

A

weight

20
Q

what is a patent foramen ovale

A

a hole between the right and left atria often called a hole in the heart

21
Q

what is colostrum

A

fluid rick in fats/proteins secreted from the breast before true breast milk

22
Q

how is estrogen and progesterone produced during pregnancy

A

corpus luteum produces during first 3-4 months
placenta produces for rest of duration

23
Q

what is the function of hCG

A

human chorionic gonadotrophin
maintains endometrium
prepares mammary glands for lactation
prepares body for birth

24
Q

what is the function of hPL

A

Human placental lactogen - contributes to breast development

25
Q

What is the function of CRH

A

corticotrophin-releasing hormone - establishes timing of birth by stimulating the secretion of cortisol

26
Q

Physiological maternal changes - Heart

A

increased size to accommodate blood volume
increased output
displaced up and forwards
reversible ECG changes
increase HR and palpitations

27
Q

Physiological maternal changes - blood and vessels

A

lower diastolic pressure - fainting and dizziness
relaxation of vessels - varicose veins
increased volume
non specific immunity increased

28
Q

Physiological maternal changes - skin

A

estrogen and progesterone increase production of melanocyte - increased skin pigmentation
stretching of skin

29
Q

Physiological maternal changes - musculoskeletal

A

softening of joints and ligaments
altered sense of gravity
altered Ca2+ metabolism - leg cramps

30
Q

Physiological maternal changes - GI

A

nausea and vomiting (linked to hCG)
increased gum disease and bleeding
hormones relax smooth muscle

31
Q

Physiological maternal changes - renal

A

GFR increased
kidneys enlarge
anatomical changes - risk of UTI

32
Q

what is amniocentesis

A

remove amniotic fluid to analyze for genetic abnormalities
performed between 14-18 weeks

33
Q

what is chorionic villi sampling

A

catheter inserted through vagina to collect a tissue sample from the chorionic villi for genetic testing
performed at 8 weeks

34
Q

define teratogens

A

any agent or influence that can cause developmental defects in an embryo

35
Q

what part of the uterus contracts during labour

A

myometrium

36
Q

what happens during dilation in labor

A

cervix dilates 10cm
baby pushes against cervix
uterine contraction become more frequent

37
Q

what happens during expulsion in labor

A

baby is pushed out head first
uterus contracts using positive feedback
oxytocin released

38
Q

what happens during secondary expulsion in labor

A

placenta and membranes and expelled
high risk of hemorrhage

39
Q

what respiratory adjustments must be made my the baby after birth

A

transition to breathing air
surfactant allowing lungs to easily inflate after birth

40
Q

what cardiovascular adjustments must be made by the baby after birth

A

in utero 90% of blood bypasses lungs
foramen ovale (valve) allows blood to flow into pulmonary circuit during first hours of life
closes after first breath when pressures are equalized
must seal at 12 hours old otherwise can be known as hole in the heart

41
Q

what thermoregulatory adjustments must be made by the baby after birth

A

heat loss must be minimized after birth
specialised brown adipose tissue produces heat via mitochondrial reaction

42
Q

what hormones are associated with lactation

A

prolactin - (anterior pituitary) stimulates milk production
oxytocin - release of milk

43
Q

why is it important for babies to be breastfed

A

breast milk contains immune factor and changes in response to infants needs

Biosciences 2 (11 decks)

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