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Biosciences 2 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of blood

A

Transportation
Regulation - pH, temperature, water content of cells
Protection - blood clots in response to injury, white blood cells

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2
Q

What are the physical characteristics of blood

A

Viscosity greater than water
temperature - 38*
pH range - 7.35-7.45

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3
Q

What does Hematocrit refer to

A

percentage of red blood cells in whole blood

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4
Q

What are the formed elements in blood

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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5
Q

What percentage of body weight is blood

A

8%

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6
Q

what percentage of whole blood is blood plasma

A

55%
Formed elements make up 45%

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7
Q

what is the composition of blood plasma

A

91.5% water
7% proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen)
1.5% other solutes (nutrients, hormones, gases, electrolytes, waste products)

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8
Q

what is the composition of formed elements

A

platelets - 150000-400000
white blood cells - 5000-10000
red blood cells - 4.8-5.4 million

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9
Q

What are granular leukocytes

A

white blood cells that contain conspicuous granules visible under a light microscope after staining

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10
Q

What are agranular leukocytes

A

white blood cells that contain not= granules visible under a light microscope after staining

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11
Q

What Granular Leukocytes are present in whole blood

A

Eosinophil
Basophil
Neutrophil

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12
Q

What agranular leukocytes are present in whole blood

A

monocytes
t lymphocytes (T cell)
b lymphocytes (B cell)
natural killer cells

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13
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

external physical and chemical barriers provided by the skin and mucous membranes
Internal defenses such as antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation and fever

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14
Q

What are the four main types of antimicrobial substances

A

interferons
complement system
iron-binding proteins
antimicrobial proteins

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15
Q

How does inflammation occur

A

upon tissue injury, vasodilation occurs that allows increased blood flow and permeability to allow phagocytes to access site

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16
Q

What is adaptive immunity

A

production of specific types of cells or specific antibodies to destroy a particular antigen

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17
Q

What cells are involved in adaptive immunity

A

B cells and T cells - both developing in primary lymphatic organs (red bone marrow and thymus)

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18
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity

A

cytotoxic t cells directly attack invading antigens

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19
Q

what is antibody mediated immunity

A

b cells transform into plasma cells then into antibodies

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20
Q

What is clonal selection

A

process by which a lymphocyte proliferates and differentiates into clones of cells that can recognize the same specific antigen
this gives rise to effector cells and memory cells

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21
Q

What is the function of effector cells

A

carry out immune responses

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of effector cell

A

Active helper T cell
Active cytotoxic T cell
Plasma cells - part of B cell clone

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23
Q

What are immunoglobulins

A

glyco-protien molecules produced as antibodies in response to infection

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24
Q

Classes of Immunoglobulins - IgG

A

80% of antibodies in blood
enhance phagocytosis
neutralizes toxins
triggers complement system
only class to cross placenta ensuring immune protection in newborns

25
Q

Classes of Immunoglobulins - IgA

A

10-15% of antibodies in blood
found mainly in sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, breast milk, gastrointestinal secretions
Levels decrease during stress lowering resistance to infection
provides localized protection

26
Q

Classes of Immunoglobulins - IgM

A

5-10% of antibodies in blood
first to be secreted by plasma cells after exposure to antigen
activates complement and causes microbe agglutination and lysis
anti-A and anti-B antibodies are IgM antibodies

27
Q

What is the complement system

A

system that involves antibodies and leukocytes in the immune response

28
Q

what is agglutination

A

clumping of particles by antibodies binding to antigens

29
Q

Classes of Immunoglobulins - IgD

A

0.2% of antibodies in blood
found on surfaces if b cells as antigen
activates b cells

30
Q

Classes of Immunoglobulins - IgE

A

Less than 0.1% of antibodies in blood
located on mast cells and basophils
involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions
protection against parasitic worms

31
Q

What is the process for the presentation of an antigen by an antigen presenting cell

A

1 - phagocytosis of antigen
2 - digestion of antigen into fragments
3 - synthesis and packaging of MHC molecules into vesicle
4 - vesicles containing MHC and antigens fuse
5 - antigen fragments bind to MHC
6 - vesicle splits and antigen-MHC complex is presented in plasma membrane

32
Q

What is the process for activation and clonal selection of Helper T cells

A

1 - antigen presenting cell binds to inactive helper t cell via co-stimulation
2 - helper t cell is activated
3 - HTC undergoes clonal selection
4 - active helper t cells and memory helper t cells are produced

33
Q

What is the process for activation and clonal selection for cytotoxic t cells (ctc)

A

1 - Inactive CTC comes into contact with infected body cell and HTC
2 - Co-stimulation provided by Interleukin-2 and HTC
3 - CTC activated
4 - CTC undergoes clonal selection
5 - active CTC and memory CTC produced

34
Q

What is the action of a Cytotoxic T Cell via apoptosis (CTC)

A

1 - CTC recognises and attaches to infected cell
2 - granzymes are inserted into infected cell
3 - infected cell undergoes apoptosis
4 - microbes are released and destroyed by phagocyte

35
Q

What is the action of a Cytotoxic T Cell via cytolysis (CTC)

A

1 - CTC recognises and attaches to infected cell 7
2 - Granulysin and perforin are inserted into infected cell
3 - Perforins results in cytolysis of infected cell
4 - Granulysin destroys microbes

36
Q

What is the process for activation and clonal selection of B Cells

A

1 - Antigen binds to receptors on B cell membrane
2 - B cell recognizes unprocessed antigen
3 - B cell displays processed antigen which is recognized by helper t cell
4 - HTC releases co-stimulators (interleukin-2)
5 - B cell undergoes clonal selection producing plasma cells to secrete antibodies and memory b cells

37
Q

what is the function of antigen presenting cells

A

processes and presents foreign antigens to T cells

38
Q

what is the function of Helper t cells

A

releases co-stimulators which enhance activation and division of other immune cells

39
Q

what is the function of Cytotoxic T Cells

A

Kills host cells to fight infection

40
Q

what is the function of memory t cells

A

remain in lymphatic tissue to recognize original invading antigen

41
Q

what is the function of b cells

A

differentiates into antibody producing plasma cell

42
Q

what is the function of plasma cells

A

produces and secretes antibodies

43
Q

what is the function of memory b cells

A

remains ready to produce more plasma cells in the event of further invasion

44
Q

What is naturally acquired active immunity

A

Following exposure to a microbe once memory cells have been created

45
Q

What is naturally acquired passive immunity

A

Transfer of IgG antibodies from mother to fetus across placenta or IgA antibodies via breastmilk

46
Q

What is artificially acquired active immunity

A

Antigens introduced via vaccination that result in memory cell production

47
Q

What is artificially acquired passive immunity

A

Intravenous injection of antibodies

48
Q

What is special about lymphatic tissue

A

specialized form of reticular connective tissue containing a large number of lymphocytes

49
Q

What is lymph

A

Blood plasma that has filtered out into the interstitial fluid and then into lymphatic vessels

50
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system

A

drains excess interstitial fluid
transports dietary lipids
carries out immune response

51
Q

What are the two major ducts involved with lymphatic transport

A

Thoracic Duct - drains into left internal jugular and left subclavian veins
Right Lymphatic Duct - drains into right internal jugular and right subclavian veins

52
Q

What is the path of Lymphatic vessels

A

1 - lymphatic capillaries in tissues spaces
2 - capillaries merge to form lymphatic vessels
3 - all vessels drain into thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct

53
Q

What are lymph nodes

A

masses of b cell and t cells surrounded by a capsule found at intervals along lymphatic vessels

54
Q

Which two pumps aid the flow of lymph

A

respiratory pump
skeletal muscle pump

55
Q

Which organs are secondary lymphatic

A

lymph nodes
spleen
lymphatic nodules (site where more immune responses occur)

56
Q

Which organs are primary lymphatic

A

red bone marrow
thymus

57
Q

What is the thymus

A

two lobed organ located posterior to the sternum containing large numbers of t cells and macrophages

58
Q

What is the function of the spleen

A

largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body
lies between the stomach and diaphragm
important in immune activity

59
Q

What are lymphatic nodules

A

egg shaped masses of lymphatic tissues
not surrounded by a capsule
found throughout the body

Biosciences 2 (11 decks)

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