Urinary Flashcards
UPC variability should change by how much to be noted as a true change?
UPC must change by 35% for patients with UPC ≈12 and by 80% for
patients with UPC ≈0.5 for this to reflect a true change in UPC rather than day-to-day variability
A pooled sample should be pursued for animals with UPC over how much?
4
How to calculate spot fractional excretion?
( (urine concentration of electrolyte) x (plasma concentration of creatinine) ) / ( ( urine concentration of creatinine ) x (plasma concentration of electrolyte )) x 100
A large amount of granular casts in urine is most typical of what type of renal insult?
Ischemic or nephrotoxic renal tubular insult [which I guess consists of 100% of all possible insults lol]
Perinephric pseudocysts are generally associated with what disease? More common in cats or dogs?
CKD, cats.
Fractional excretion of Na in a volume responsive AKI (provided heart, glomeruli, and liver is normal) should be low or high?
Low (<1%)
Long-term risks for renal transplant cats?
Chronic fibrosis/atrophy, infection (toxo), peritoneal fibrosis, cancer (6x higher risk)
What is considered IRIS stage 2 CKD in cats?
Cr 1.6-2.8, SDMA >14 through 24
At what stage is protein restriction beneficial for CKD (not including if a patient is proteinuric)?
Stage 3 and up (but fine for stage 2s for the other beneficial aspects of renal diets)
Phosphorus should be kept under what value at which IRIS stages?
stage 1/2 - under 4.5, stage 3 - under 5, stage 4 - under 6
Dogs and cats on hypertensive medications should evaluated how often?
At least q3mo
How does uremic gastropathy differ in dogs vs cats?
Dogs more ulcerations/bleeding, cats more mineralization and fibrosis. JVIM 2017 paper found that cats with CKD do not have higher gastrin levels either compared to healthy cats.
Why can calcitriol levels be low in CKD? How will this impact FGF and PTH?
Not enough renal cells to hydroxylate calcidiol. This will make both FGF and PTH higher (also due to phosphate retention from CKD)
What is the goal of Ca x Phos product for an animal on calcitriol?
< 60 (ideally between 42-52)
What is the most common glomerular disease in cats?
Membranous glomerulopathy
Breeds of dog predisposed to familial renal amyloidosis? Breeds of cats?
Beagle, Sharpei, English Foxhound; Abyssinians (and Siamese?)
Breeds of dog predisposed to glomerulosclerosis?
Pembroke Corgi, Newfoundland, Doberman Pinscher
If found in the kidney, amyloid is frequently deposited where in sharpeis?
Medulla (also this way for Abyssinians)
Hereditary nephritis consists of a defect in what type of collagen?
Type IV - which is what makes up basement membrane
In what breeds of dog does hereditary nephritis generally result in terminal CKD by 2 years of age?
Samoyed, English Cocker (other breeds that may not have as bad progression- Dalmatian, Bull Terrier)
What is the gene responsible for cystinuria in Newfoundlands?
SLC3A1 (also present in Lab) - there is a test for this gene; a different mutation also in this also occurs in Australian cattle dog
(In minpin- SLC7A9)
What is the abnormal gene noted in Dalmatians that caused hyperuricosuria? What is the defect? What other breeds also have this?
SLC2A9 - mutation in uric acid transporter so uric acid can’t get into hepatocytes to be converted to more soluble allantoin - English Bulldog and Black Russian Terrier
Canine breeds reported to have primary renal glucosuria?
Scottish Terriers, Basenjis, Norwegian Elkhounds, and mixed-breed dogs
Why is K citrate a better option (or needed) for chronic administration in proximal RTA (type II) than sodium bicarbonate?
Alkalinization will result in more marked bicarbonate wasting and cause hypokalemia
Type I (distal) or type II (proximal) RTAs will generally need more alkalinizing agent to control pH?
Type II (proximal)
Type I (distal) or type II (proximal) RTAs will have a more severe acidosis?
Type I (distal)
Fractional excretion of bicarbonate increases, decrease, or stays the same with addition of more bicarb in type II (proximal) RTA?
Increases
How is the kidney able to maximally acidify urine in response to systemic acidosis?
The distal tubule is able to excrete H+
ions against a steep concentration gradient because of a hydrogen ion-adenosine triphosphatase (H+-ATPase) pump. Can generate ammonia to capture H+ ions by forming ammonium ions, which are subsequently excreted.
Breeds that may have familial predisposition for membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis?
Bernese, Brittany Spaniel (related to C3 deficiency)
Breeds of cats predisposed to polycystic kidney disease?
PERSIAN (and Persian mixes), Himalayan, British Blue
What gene is affected for polycystic kidney disease?
PKD1
Dog breeds affected by polycystic kidney disease?
Bull Terrier, Cairn Terrier, and West Highland White Terrier (WHWT)
Normal ureteral luminal width in a cat?
0.3-0.4 mm (hence why shock wave lithotripsy not recommended for ureteroliths in cats because the fragments are still too big to pass)
The most common clinical sign with ureterocele is
urinary incontinence
Most commonly affected breed with congenital urethrorectal fistulas?
English Bulldog
Corynebacterium can take up to how long before growing in urine culture?
4 days
Definition of simple UTI
Bladder infection that occurs no more than 6 months in otherwise healthy dog. UTIs in male intact dog and any cat is considered complicated.
CaOx former breeds -
Miniature Schnauzer, Shih Tzu, Yorkshire Terrier, Chihuahua, JRT, Bichon Frise, and Maltese. Lots of others - Japanese chin, MN pinscher, and Brussels griffon newly identified in JVIM 2019
Consumption of what component found in some dog foods can contribute to silica formation ?
Whole grains (rice, beet pulp, and
soybeans); also drinking water and plants derived from active geothermal locations
Cystinuric cats can present for what other signs besides lower urinary?
Can have neurologic (hypersalivation, seizures) due to secondary hyperammonemia arising from impaired intestinal absorption and excessive renal excretion of amino acids
Normal residual volume in male dog?
Generally 0.5 ml/kg (although a paper found that it could be up to 3.4 ml/kg)
Antibiotics that can cross blood prostate barrier?
Fluoroquinolone, TMS, kind of chloramphenicol (doesn’t reach as high as plasma levels) (clinda + macrolides also penetrate but they’re not good against E coli/gram negatives)
Prostate palpation is generally not painful with chronic prostatitis. T/F?
True
Most common cardiac change associated with hypertensive cardiomyopathy?
Left ventricular concentric hypertrophy (consensus)
Consensus recommends annual screening dogs and cats over what age for hypertension?
9 years (consensus) - others like IFMS recommends monitoring every 12 months for cats aged 7–10 years, and every 6–12 months for cats aged 11 years or older
When treating for hypertension in an animal without target organ damage, when should blood pressure be rechecked? How about with TOD?
7-10 d; 1-3 d with TOD (consensus)
If you would like to culture urine following urine catheterization placement in a patient, by which route does ISCAID recommend?
Cysto (don’t say why though…)
You are treating a dog with a UTI associated with a cystolith. Culture of the cystolith shows a bacteria resistant to the antimicrobial you selected. The dog is clinically doing well. Is change in antimicrobial indicated?
No - ISCAID 2019
Duration of antibiotic treatment recommended by ISCAID for infection associated with non-infection-associated urolith (aka not struvite).
7d as long as signs resolve
In one study evaluating BUN/Cr ratios, dogs with a serum urea nitrogen concentration of ≤12 mg/dL were significantly more likely to have occult GIB than were dogs with serum urea nitrogen concentration ranging from >12 to ≤21.5 mg/dL. T/F?
True! Hence why BUN/Cr ratio is not indicator for GI bleeding. Basically paper said that PCV is middle to high range with elevated BUN/Cr ratio - unlikely GI bleeding and does not need prophylactic medications JVIM 2021
A longitudinal study in cats found what two variables were associated with development of CKD?
Frequent vaccinations and periodontal disease (JVIM 2016); JAVMA 2018 confirmed periodontal disease as well
Elevations in beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were found more frequently and in higher degree in which of the following groups? chronic kidney disease, hyperthyroidism or hepatic lipidosis
Hepatic lipidosis (JVIM 2016)
In a colony of beagles with CKD, SDMA on average increased how long before Cr increased?
9.8 months (JVIM 2016)
btw in cats it’s 17 mo
Urine cystatin C is a sensitive marker for CKD in cats. T/F?
False. NO cats with CKD had urine cystatin C. however, SERUM cystatin C was very specific (100%) but NOT sensitive (22%) (JVIM 2016)
Urinary F-2 isoprostanes increased or decreased with progressive CKD in cats?
Decreased (JVIM 2017) - this is OPPOSITE of what occurs in humans
Cats with CKD have a lower/higher TIBC, which supports a functional/absolute iron deficiency.
Lower, functional. (JVIM 2017)
What % of dogs receiving darbepoetin developed PRCA?
6% (2/33) JVIM 2017
How does FGF-23 try to alter phosphorus concentrations?
1) downregulating sodium-phosphorus cotransporters (NaPi-IIa and IIc) in renal proximal tubules; (2) inhibiting renal 1α-hydroxylase activity; and (3) increasing 24,25-hydroxylase activity [this breaks down VitD] (information from JVIM 2017)
NT-proBNP or cTnI c are both non-affected in dogs with stable CKD. T/F?
True - JVIM 2017
Did benazepril extend survival time in dogs with CKD?
No - JVIM 2017
Cats with CKD on beraprost sodium saw improvement (i.e. lack of progression) in which parameters compared to placebo?
serum Cr and serum Phos to Ca ratio (JVIM 2018)
What is the specificity of elevated SDMA (>14) for predicting azotemia in a cat following I 131 treatment?
97.7%. But VERY insensitive (33%) JVIM 2018 (HOWEVER later paper JVIM 2019 said that SDMA does not correlate well with GFR)
What percent of CKD + hypercalcemic cats had detectable calcitonin levels?
33% (JVIM 2018)
What was associated with hypomagnesemia in cats with CKD?
Higher FGF-23 and risk of death. (JVIM 2018)
Which of the following was associated with decreased survival time in dogs with CKD? PTH, HCT, FGF-23, BCS > 5/9
FGF-23 (JVIM 2018)
In geriatric cat without azotemia, SDMA correlated with higher FGF-23. T/F?
True - JVIM 2019
Which is a better biomarker for dogs with CKD undergoing dialysis - Serum creatinine or SDMA?
SDMA - JVIM 2019
What was frequency of bacteruria in dogs with CKD?
18%( JAVMA 2018) - 32% - most asymptomatic (JVIM 2019)
Decreased fecal microbiome diversity and richness is associated with CKD in cats. T/F?
True - JVIM 2019
What is indoxyl sulfate and its significance in CKD cats?
Colonic derived uremic toxin, increased in CKD cats JVIM 2019
Ultrasonographic renal cortical thickness trends with increased serum creatinine in CKD cats. T/F?
True JVIM 2020
Urine hemojuvelin is not shown to be increased in cats with renal disease compared to normal cats. T/F?
False - JVIM 2020
Cats with CKD have increased levels of gene transcription of hypoxia-induced mediators of fibrosis. T/F?
True - JVIM 2020
What % of cats with CKD had a medullary band sign on ultrasound?
74% JVIM 2020
Bacteruria in CKD cats was not associated with decreased survival. T/F?
True - JVIM 2020
Which was more specific in detecting cats with CKD - SDMA or serum Cr?
Serum Creatinine - JVIM 2020 [ Creatinine had higher specificity (94%-96%) than SDMAplasma (75%-76%) (P < .05).]
Decreased serum levels of which two minerals were associated with increased tCa after phos restriction in diet in cats?
K and Phos (JVIM 2021)
Cats that become hypercalcemic while eating a severe phosphorus restriction diet may become normocalcemic with less phosphorus restriction.T/F?
True - JVIM 2021
Liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) can be considered an early biomarker for CKD in cats. T/F?
True - JVIM 2021
Cats with experimentally induced CKD had what changes to fTLI and fPLI (if any)?
increased in fTLI, no change to fPLI (JVIM 2021)
What breed cat has higher SDMA and serum creatinine than other breeds?
Birman (JFMS 2018)
Most common pattern of protein loss in cats with CKD was glomerular. T/F?
Were these low molecular weight or high molecular weight?
True, generally low molecular weight JFMS 2020
Urinary F2-isoprostane markers (evidence of oxidative stress) were highest in stage 1 vs stage 2 CKD?
stage 1 (JFMS 2021)
A hypertensive patient that is dehydrated should have hydration corrected before applying anti-hypertensives. T/F?
True - (consensus) - as most anti-hypertensives will worsen GFR (the RAAS is trying to maintain renal perfusion). The exception is if rapidly progressive target organ damage is present
Changes to cPLI or cTLI during induced AKI in dogs?
Not significant - JVIM 2016
NGAL:creatinine ratio preceded creatinine increase in gentamicin-induced AKIs by how many days?
8 days (day 8 vs day 16) JVIM 2016
What were the odds of developing high grade AKI for each day HES was given in dogs? How about for cats?
1.18x odds JVIM 2017. No findings in cats. JVIM 2017
Can SDMA be used to differentiate between canine AKI and CKD?
No - JVIM 2017; they were significantly different in that CKD > AKI but too much overlap
6% tetrastarch and LRS appear not to cause AKI when used for volume replacement after hemorrhage in healthy non-septic dogs. T/F?
True -JVIM 2018
What was the prevalence of cPLI > 400 in dogs with AKI that needed dialysis?
62% (JVIM 2018) but NOT a diagnostic indicator!
Urinary NGAL specificity can be limited by what factor in dogs?
Systemic inflammation (JVIM 2020)
What was discharge rate in cats with acute on chronic kidney injury and median survival time?
58%, 66 days. JVIM 2020
What was prevalence of systemic hypertension in dogs that presented for AKI? How many became fluid overloaded at presentation or during hospitalization?
75%, 42% JVIM 2020
What was mortality rate in dogs with acute on chronic kidney injury and median survival time? Was Cr at discharge associated with survival?
35%, 105d. Cr at discharge NOT associated with survival, UNLIKE cats. JVIM 2020
presence of retroperitoneal fluid in cats with AKI on ultrasound was associated with what condition?
Oliguria/anuria (JFMS 2019)
What will fenolodopan do to fractional excretion of sodium in healthy dogs? (it induces renal vasodilation). Did it improve survival of dogs that had AKI and heatstroke?
Increases fractional excretion (JVIM 2016); no (JVIM 2018)
What does oral prednisone do to serum cystatin C in dogs?
Increases it (JVIM 2017)
What was the mean difference between the minimum and maximum USG on morning USG in healthy dogs?
0.015 (JVIM 2019)
Mannitol increases FE of urea nitrogen and sodium with bolus injection and CRI. T/F?
False- only bolus. Overall bolus of mannitol improved urine production slightly in healthy dogs but CRI did not (JVIM 2019)
In a study evaluating hyperthyroid cats before and after I131, did SDMA correlate well with GFR?
No (JVIM 2019)
Upregulation of miRNA16 may be correlated to what urological condition in cats?
Pyelonephritis (or E coli specific pyelonephritis) - JVIM 2020
increasing the SDMA cutoff to what value in nonazotemic dogs increases specificity without compromising sensitivity?
18 (JVIM 2020)
What % of cats had no long term effects from nephrectomy (feline kidney donors)?
84% (JAVMA 2016)
What % of dogs with idiopathic renal hematuria had bilateral involvement?
<20%
Ultrasound guided biopsy of what size needle should maximize diagnostic quality?
16G (JAVMA 2018)
Culture of pyelocentesis did NOT provide an advantage over performing bacterial culture from lower urinary tract. T/F?
True - JAVMA 2019
Complication rate of antegrade pyelography?
25% (JAVMA 2019)
In cats, the resistance index of the right kidney can be higher for what other diseases that the RI of the left kidney is not?
Renal tumor, polycystic kidney disease (JFMS 2016) - except this was not true ( as in resistive indexes are the same) in a JFMS 2018 study so idk
Serum cystatin C and urinary cystatin C was higher in hyperthyroid cats than normal cats. T/F?
True - JFMS 2016 (not true for FIV) AND is not a good indicator for CKD (JVIM 2016)
Renal abscesses are generally associated with comorbidities in cats. T/F?
True - JFMS 2017
No significance difference was found in renal width on ultrasound between pyelo cats and CKD cats. T/F?
True - JFMS 2017
How common was hyperammonemia in a study involving azotemic cats?
22% - none involving CKD (JFMS 2021)
Platelets are more likely to be hyper/normal/or hyporeactive in cats with uremic crisis?
Hyper - JFMS 2021
A cat with ureteral obstruction can still have a renal pelvic dilation < 4mm. T/F?
True - JFMS 2021
In Persian cats, how many cysts need to be present to diagnose polycystic kidney disease in a cat over 5 years? how about in a cat 1 year old?
More than 4 in cat over 5 years (50 months technically), just one is sufficient in a cat <15 mo
Elevated serum cardiac troponin I can be found in cats with compromised renal function. T/F?
True - JFMS 2021
What % of healthy geriatric dogs were considered proteinuric on cysto/free catch urine?
25% (JVIM 2017)
What % of Min Schnauzers with primary hyperlipidemia were proteinuric? What was prognosis for proteinuria associated with hyperlipidemia?
44%, suspected to be good as none became azotemic/hypoalbuminemic JVIM 2017
In a survey from the European Renal Pathology Service, what % of biopsies had immune complex mediated glomerulonephritis?
50% JVIM 2017
In a 2017 study evaluating pooled vs average vs single evaluating medically treated PLN dogs in hospital, the authors concluded that UPC findings were similar among all methods. T/F?
True - HOWEVER there was higher variability between single vs pooled and average UPCs for UPC > 4. JVIM 2017
Dogs with Borrelia glomerulopathy were more likely to have what clincopathologic changes compared to other glomerulopathies?
Pyuria/glucosuria/hematuria with negative urine culture; anemia/thrombocytopenia, azotemia, neutrophilia, hyperphosphatemia (sad kidneys that look like lepto) - JVIM 2019
Dogs with PLN have altered amino acid status. T/F?
True - JVIM 2019
What % of dogs might be missed if you only cultured urine of dogs with UPC > 0.5 if there were lower urinary tract signs or pyuria/bacteruria?
1.8% (JVIM 2020)
In a 2020 study, UPCs measured in hospital vs at home in dogs were similar. T/F?
True - JVIM 2020
Incidence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and median survival time?
26%, 258d (JVIM 2020) - shorter if Cr >2 or albumin < 2
Dogs with PLN had lower/normal/higher concentrations of Vitamin D metabolites in blood?
Lower - JVIM 2020
What % of dogs became azotemic with combination therapy of ace-i + telmisartan for proteinuria?
31% - JVIM 2020
What % of dogs became azotemic on telmisartan before the first follow-up appt? What % had self-limiting GI signs?
5%; 10% had GI signs - JVIM 2021
Cats on chlorambucil for GI LSA were reported to develop what type of proteinuric disease?
Acquired fanconi’s (glucosuria, amino aciduria, 1/4 became pu/pd) - JFMS 2016; resolved within 3 mo of stopping therapy in 75% of cats
Cats with FIC (clinical signs) had higher UPCs than normal cats. T/F?
True lol - JFMS 2017
What is the signalment for a cat for which you would suspect ICGN?
Young, male cat - JFMS 2020 [age of onset young, males over-represented]
Cats with ICGN had higher UPCs than cats with other glomerular diseases. T/F?
False - JFMS 2020 although both median UPCs were still high (14.5 compared to 6.5)
Other than incontinence, what is another sign of ureterocele?
Ureteral obstruction (JVIM 2019)
What % of SUBs cats had post-operative bacteruria (before discharge from hospital)?
25% - most were symptomatic (JVIM 2019); another JVIM 2021 supported this percentage as well
Measurements over what numbers in renal pelvis and max ureteral diameter were always associated with stones in cats?
Renal pelvis > 5 mm and ureteral diameter> 3mm (JVIM 2021); in consensus (2016) they actually said >13mm for renal pelvis from a JAVMA 2014 paper
Mean survival time of cats with SUBs placed? (AMC study)
821 days (JVIM 2021)
Signs of chronic lower urinary tract disease and chronic urinary tract infection were significantly more common among cats with than cats without ureteral stents for benign ureteral obstructions. T/F?
True - JAVMA 2016
Cats with ureteral stent placed had better improvements in azotemia than cats that had ureterotomy only for benign ureteral obstructions. T/F?
True - JAVMA 2016
What breed was most common for congenital distal ureteral orifice stenosis?
Labrador retriever (JAVMA 2018)
In a JAVMA 2017 paper evaluating treatment of ureterolithiasis in cats, complications were higher in the SUBS or ureteral stent group?
Ureteral stent - SUBs had longer survival time and lower risk complications (JAVMA 2017)
What % of dogs following ureteral stent placement for benign obstruction were noted to have UTI post-stent?
26% (JAVMA 2018) - 59% were noted to have UTI pre-stent
What was the most common long-term SUB device complication in cats (give %) and what was the median days leading up to this occurring?
Mineralization in 24%, around 424 days/18 months. SUB occlusion was associated with higher iCa JAVMA 2018
Sensitivity of ultrasounds to assess for ureteral strictures in cats?
44% (very specific though) - also u/s very good (Se 98%, Sp 96%) for ureteroliths - JAVMA 2019; JFMS 2018 also kind of supported the lack sensitivity in saying ultrasound not as a good as pyelogram to detect stricture
What were factors associated with post-obstructive diuresis (duration and severity) in cats treated for ureteral obstruction?
BUN, Cr, K, phos - duration and severity; changes in BUN/Cr from pre to post block related to duration (JAVMA 2019)
All cats without an obstructive complication had a renal pelvis under what value 3 months post-op for SUB placement?
3.5 mm (JFMS 2018)
Cats with lower anesthetic rectal temps during SUB surgery were more likely to have what kind of complication?
Positive urine culture (JFMS 2021)
What was complication rate and survival time in SUBS in cats from a non-AMC instutition?
80% complication, MST 274d (JFMS 2021)
What can be used to treat obstruction from blood clot in SUBs cat?
tissue plasminogen activator (JFMS 2021)
What was prevalence of subclinical bacteriuria in older cats?
10-13% over 3 years (JVIM 2016) - not associated with survival
What % of dogs with recurrent UTI had near complete or complete clinical cure 2 weeks after intravesicular infusion of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Escherichia coli 2-12?
4/9 client owned (no research animals showed signs after infusion) - JVIM 2018
What cytokines were significantly associated with FIC cats?
IL-12 (p40; P < 0.0001), CXCL12 (P = 0.002), IL-18 (P = 0.032), and Flt3L - JVIM 2018
E coli growth in vitro was highest in what type of pH of urine and in concentrated vs nonconcentrated?
Neutral to acidic; dilute - JVIM 2018
Can E coli form biofilms?
Yes -JVIM 2018 - cannot distinguish between ones that can vs ones that can’t
Does low-dose meloxicam add benefit in cats with treated for FIC alongside phenoxybenzamine and alprazolam?
No - JVIM 2019; JFMS 2016 also reported no improvement with 5d admin
What is considered a risk factor for candiduria in both dogs and cats?
recent (<30d) antimicrobials (JVIM 2019)
Clavamox would be the better empirical choice over amoxicillin in dogs from the mid-western US for treatment of E coli UTI. T/F?
True - JVIM 2020.
Also in cats NO e coli were susceptible to clavamox or amoxi
What % of dogs with recurrent UTI had anomalies on cystoscopy?
45/53 (85%) - JVIM 2020
Comorbidities for Enteroccoccus bacteria in dogs?
lower urinary tract (LUT) anatomic abnormalities, urolithiasis, and the presence of LUT neoplasia (JVIM 2020)
Are Urinary F2-isoprostanes useful for detecting UCCs in dogs?
No (JVIM 2020)
Dogs with proliferative urethritis had the longest duration of patency associated with stent placement or balloon dilation?
Stent placement ( 843 days vs 452 days) - JVIM 2021
How do dogs with proliferative urethritis generally present? Sex predilection?
Urethral obstruction. All female. (JVIM 2021)
For urine culture run immediately or on refrigerated urine samples, is a urine transport tube or silicon coated tube better?
Silicon-coated tube (JAVMA 2016)
Persistent cystotomy site thickening can be present up how long after sx for urolithiasis?
3 months (JAVMA 2018)
ESBL E coli are generally susceptible to which antibiotics?
Carbapenems and also to amikacin, nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin, and piperacillin-tazobactam (JAVMA 2018)
Are silver-coated catheters beneficial for preventing urinary tract infections in dogs?
No - JAVMA 2018
Does urinary bladder lavage prevent in-hospital recurrence rate for urethral obstructions in male cats?
No JAVMA 2019
In a Norwegian study on FIC cats, what were risk factors for FIC? What were other factors listed in another JFMS 2018 study?
overweight, nervous - JFMS 2016
male, no vantage point, apartment living, multicat household, non-clumping litter - JFMS 2018
Subclinical bacteruria was associated with what factors in cats?
Female, pyuria, lower USG, presence of CKD (JFMS 2017); JFMS 2020 said female and hepatic disease
Modified environmental management is only helpful in FLUTD cats with FIC. T/F?
False - helpful for any etiology b/c FIC may be contributing factor to other signs - JFMS 2019
Recurrence rate in cats with FLUTD?
58% - JFMS 2020 (JFMS 2021 somewhat supported this as well - said 46% did not have recurrence)
What was FLUTD related mortality rate in cats?
20% (JFMS 2021)
Spaying dogs with adult weight of <15kg in first year may increase risk of developing USMI. T/F?
False - did not matter what time you spayed dogs < 15kg. Waiting to spay dogs > 25 kg later in first year does decrease risk of USMI JVIM 2017
What % of biopsies for proliferative urethritis were FISH+?
50% - some of these were neg on urine or tissue culture. JVIM 2019
Mean duration of continence with cross-linked gelatin as a bulking agent for the management of urinary sphincter mechanism incompetence?
11 months JVIM 2020
Top 2 causes of urinary incontinence in cats? What % improved with treatment /not euthanized?
Spinal cord disease and urethral disease. 50% - JVIM 2020
What was associated with re-obstruction following catheter removal in urethral obstruction cats?
Abnormally colored urine JAVMA 2017
Parasympathetic innervation to the bladder comes from what nerve segments?
S1-S3
Sympathetic innervation to the bladder comes from what nerve segments in spinal cord in dogs vs cats
L1-L4 dogs, L2-L5 in cats
The cerebellum plays what part in the detrusor reflex?
Inhibitory - so disorders of cerebellum can result in hypermicturition
Most well documented complication with perineal urethrostomy?
UTI
Did prazosin decrease risk of urethral obstruction in cats?
No - JFMS 2021
What is the function of CYP24A1 (24-hydroxylase) and why might it be significant in dogs with caOx urolithiasis?
Changes active 1,25 OH2 D to less biologically active metabolites 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [24,25(OH)2D] and 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D [1,24,25(OH)3D], respectively. May be decreased conversion in some canine CaOx formers (JVIM 2019)
What % of upper urinary tract uroliths in dogs are struvite?
20-30% (consensus 2016)
Urine Ca:Urine Cr cut-off with hi specificity (93%) but low sensitivity (53%) for stone formers in Miniature Schnauzers?
0.06 (JVIM 2020)
Top 3 stones submitted in cats to Davis Lab from 2005-2018? For dogs?
Struvite, CaOx, urate; CaOx, struvite, urate as well (JVIM 2021). In dogs they noted an increase in cysteine stones
Did calcitriol levels differ between dogs with a polymorphism (rs852900542) for VitD receptor and control dogs?
No - JVIM 2021; HOWEVER dogs without gene had a significantly lower UCa:UCr ratio (JVIM 2021)
In a study evaluating medical dissolution of struvite stones, what was full dissolution success rate over median of how many days?
58% (29/50) of dogs within a median of 35 days (range, 13-167) (JVIM 2021)
Acidic urine + CaOx crystalluria was predictor of CaOx urolith status in dogs. T/F?
False - JAVMA 2016
What were indications for endoscopic nephrolithotomy in dogs?
large calculi displacing parenchyma, recurrent UTI, ureteral outflow obstruction - JAVMA 2019
In a study evaluating medical dissolution of struvite stones in cats when did most stones completely dissolve?
Within 1 mo, 1 cat dissolved at day 70. JFMS 2021
Hypothermia can occur in uremic dogs and cats. T/F?
True - JVIM 2016
What other enzyme besides ACE can form angiotensin II?
Chymase (Released from mast cells, cardiac fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells during acute and chronic tissue injury and remodeling)
Renin is generally released in response to what factors?
Low systemic BP
Hypovolemia
Sodium deprivation
Sympathetic stimulation
Non-azotemic, hypertensive cats generally had low/high aldosterone concentrations with low/high renin activity.
High, low (JVIM 2013 but referenced in JVIM 2019 review)- unlike dogs. This is why RAAS agents may be better for hypertension for dogs and amlodipine used more commonly in cats.
IDEXX SediVue was not sensitive for detecting what on urine microscopy?
Squamous epithelial cells (JVIM 2019) - Sens 33% (very specific though - 98%)
What was sensitivity of SediVue evaluating for casts?
Like 52% (very specific - 90-99%) JVIM 2021
Uroabdomen frequently occurs from a defect where?
Bladder -56% (trauma was most common - 47%) - JAVMA 2018
Recessed vulvas were associated with higher risks of UTIS than dogs without. T/F?
False - they were not. Recessed vulvas were correlated with higher BCS and in earlier spayed (<1 y) dogs. JAVMA 2021
Type of water bowl had minimal effect on drinking in a study looking at laboratory cats. T/F?
True - JFMS 2019
What cytokine is believed to be the main mediator of renal fibrosis?
Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-B1) - JFMS 2019
What was biochemical value in feline uroabdomens that correlated with survival to discharge?
Cr (JFMS 2019)
A dog with systolic blood pressure of 190 mmHg and no evidence of target organ damage should have BP checked how frequent within what amount of time?
twice within 2 weeks; if 160-179, recheck twice within 8 weeks. ACVIM consensus
Purpose of medullary collecting duct?
Reabsorb <10% of water and sodium, permeable to urea (maintains gradient), another site for ADH (other sites are distal tubule and collecting tubule)
Normally, filtrate leaving the loop of Henle is hypo-osmostic, iso-osmotic, or hyperosmotic to plasma?
Hypo-osmotic
uNAG is sensitive for glomerular or tubular damage in AKI, and for glomerular or tubular damage with proteinuric CKD?
Tubular; glomerular
Which biomarker has little overlap with AKI and UTI?
- Kim1 in dogs
- NGAL in dogs
- Urine Cystatin B in dogs
- Urine GGT in dogs
Urine cystatin B
What was MST of ICGN (confirmed by biopsy) in cats treated with immunosuppressives?
244d (compared to 17d if not treated) JVIM 2020
Infectious disease in cats associated with glomerulonephritis?
Chronic bacterial infections, Mycoplasma polyarthritis, FeLV, FIV, FIP, cytauxzoon
