Respiratory Flashcards
Five differentials for hypoxemia
- Low inspired O2
- Right to L shunt
- Diffuse interstitial disease
- V/Q mismatch
- Hypoventilation
Broad differentials for hypoxemia with a normal A-a gradient
- Low inspired O2
- Hypoventilation
Over-represented breeds for tracheal collapse
Yorkshire Terrier, Pomeranian, Pug, Poodle, Maltese, and Chihuahua
Fluoroquinolones should be used with caution in a dog on what respiratory drug?
Theophylline
A young Old English Sheepdog presents for fever, cough and chronic nasal discharge. Radiographs show situs inversus (left to right transposition of viscera) and bronchiectasis with a patchy alveolar pattern. This condition is consistent with what congenital abnormality?
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (this triad - rhinosinusitis, situs inversus, and bronchiectasis is Kartagener’s syndrome)
Why is nebulization generally discouraged in cats?
Nebulized drugs can potentially can trigger a bronchospastic reaction and/or occasion extra stress
Simplified equation for A-a gradient?
PAO2 - PaO2; PAO2 calculated by 150-(PaCO2/0.8)
What is intermediate host of Paragonimus kellicotti? What is treatment?
Crayfish. Fenbendazole and/or TID praziquantel
Treatment for aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
Fenbendazole (25-50 mg/kg PO q 24 h for 10-14 days),
ivermectin (300-400 mcg/kg SC), or selamectin (6 mg/kg applied topically)
Treatment for Crenosoma vulpis?
fenbendazole (50 mg/kg PO q 24 h for 3 days), ivermectin, or milbemycin oxime
(0.5 mg/kg PO, once)
Combination of respiratory signs and bleeding can be a cause of what parasite?
French heartworm - angiostrongylus vasorum
Furosemide may be helpful in cases of neurogenic pulmonary edema. T/F?
True - neurogenic can have a component of increased hydrostatic pressure contributing to edema (while most noncardiogenic edema does not)
What % of primary lung tumors can affect multiple lobes?
1/3
This respiratory parasite is found on fecal flotation, not Baerman.
Capillaria aerophila aka Eucoleus aerophilus
Canine breeds predisposed to interstitial pulmonary fibrosis?
Westties, Staffies
What resp exam finding is more common in interstitial fibrosis?
Inspiratory crackles (not necessarily specific for fibrosis though)
Dog breeds predisposed to lung lobe torsion
Afghan Hounds and Pugs
Echocardiographic findings consistent with pulmonary hypertension
RV concentric hypertrophy or RV eccentric hypertrophy, RA enlargement, septal flattening, and
potentially RV systolic dysfunction
Over what pressure counts as pulmonary hypertension?
> 25-31 mmHg (consensus says that humans use >25). Consensus also recommends clinical PH is probably >46 mmHg
Pneumomediastinum on its own does not require treatment and does not cause dypsnea. T/F?
True
Mediastinal LSA in cats is generally FeLV + or -?
+
When is a PDE5 inhibitor indicated for a dog with pulmonary hypertension and left sided heart disease?
-Right heart failure (needs CHF meds as well)
-Exertional syncope with no other cause
-Compensated CHF that develops ascites (recommended to increase CHF meds at same time)
[Consensus on PH]
Most useful signs to guide treatment of pulmonary hypertension?
Clinical signs, blood gas, pulse-ox, CXR (echo can be used but improvement is not always identified even on PDE5 inhibitor) [Consensus on PH]
TL3 receptors are activated by what? How about TL9 receptors?
Viruses; bacteria. JVIM 2019 (TLR agonist complexes targeting these were given to herpes cats to see if improves signs. it did but they still had signs)
Twice daily famciclovir to shelter cats improved which of the following: Disease scores, body weight, conjunctival feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) shedding, and adoption rates
Conjunctival FHV-1 shedding (JFMS 2019)
Most common two agent responsible for feline upper resp infections in Australia?
Mycoplasma felis and feline calicivirus (JFMS 2019)
Most common nasal cancer in cats from UK nasal bx study?
Lymphoma (followed by carcinomas) - JFMS 2020
Brachycephalic cats were more likely to develop nasal disease, based on a UK nasal biopsy study. T/F?
False - an association was not found JFMS 2020
What is risk for development of aspiration pneumonia 3-4 years following unilateral arytenoids lateralization for dogs with lar-par? What were most significant risk factors associated with pneumonia?
~31%. Post-op megaesophagus and post-op opioid admin. JAVMA 2016
What % of dogs examined for cough had laryngeal dysfunction?
~19% (26 of 138) - JAVMA 2016
Congenital laryngeal paralysis associated with Alaskan Huskies is associated with mononeuropathy or polyneuropathy?
Mononeuropathy (JAVMA 2016). They also talk about characteristic facial features aka Blue eyes (92%), white facial markings (76%), and oral mucosal tags (52%) but they’re also alaskan huskies so….?
In a study evaluating treatment of benign nasopharyngeal stenosis and imperforate nasopharynx, ballooning alone was successful in what % of dogs and what % of cats?
NO dogs were successful with ballooning alone; 41% of cats - JAVMA 2018 [overall outcome 78% success; with high rate of complications with stent placement- 68%)
Brachycephalic dogs with upper airway obstruction had higher CRP and altered metabolic profile compared to normal dogs. T/F?
False - JVIM 2019
Having surgery to correct brachycephalic airway disease decreased subsequent anesthetic complications by how much?
79% - JAVMA 2020
Doxepin had no improvement in dogs with lar-par compared to placebo. T/F?
True - actually the placebo dogs seemed to be doing better JVIM 2021