Urinalysis

Question 1

What is polyuria?

Answer 1

Excessive production and excretion of urine

Question 2

What is oliguria?

Answer 2

Reduced production and excretion of urine

Question 3

What is straguria?

Answer 3

Painful of uncomfortable passing of urine

Question 4

What is anuria?

Answer 4

Absence of urine production

Question 5

What is dysuria?

Answer 5

Difficulty in passing urine

Question 6

What is normal urine output for dogs and cats?

Answer 6

1 - 2ml/kg/hr

24 - 48ml/kg/day

Question 7

What equipment is needed to collect urine samples?

Answer 7

-gloves
-clean collection tray
-sterile sample pot
-clippers and skin prep
-needle and syringe
-ultrasound gel
-catheter

Question 8

Important considerations when gathering urine samples?

Answer 8

-ideally collected in morning, first urination
-mid flow sample
-ppe
-preventing contamination
-examined within 1 hour of collection

Question 9

How can urine be preserved?

Answer 9

-can be refrigerated for up to 6 hours
-cannot be frozen

Question 10

What are the 4 methods of urine collection?

Answer 10

-free flow
-manual expression
-urethral catheter
-cytsocentesis

Question 11

How is free flow carried out?

Answer 11

-collect mid flow as first flow can contain skin cells and debris which can cause contamination
-vulva or prepuce should be cleaned to avoid bacterial contamination

Question 12

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using free flow?

Answer 12

A
=non traumatic
=not invasive
=cheap

D
=time consuming
=risk of contamination

Question 13

How is manual expression carried out?

Answer 13

-gently and steadily palpate the bladder
-patient in lateral recumbency
-vulva and prepuce cleaned prior

Question 14

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using manual expression?

Answer 14

A
=easy to perform
=cheap

D
=can cause bladder rupture or trauma
=not sterile
=can be uncomfortable

Question 15

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using urethral catheter?

Answer 15

A
=easy to perform
=sterile

D
=costly
=may cause trauma or damage
=risk of iatrogenic infection

Question 16

What is cystocentesis?

Answer 16

-involves passing a sterile needle through the abdominal wall into the bladder
-must be sufficient urine in the bladder to be effective
-can result in blood contamination of the sample

Question 17

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using cystocentesis?

Answer 17

A
=sterile
=quick and easy to perform
=infection is uncommon

D
=need experience to carry out

Question 18

What physical characteristics can be evaluated for urine analysis?

Answer 18

Odour

Consistency

Colour

Turbidity (cloudiness)

Question 19

What are the normal specific gravity ranges in dogs and cats?

Answer 19

Dog = 1.015 - 1.045

Cat = 1.035 - 1.060

Question 20

What is the process of conducting a specific gravity test?

Answer 20

-gloves
-calibrate refractometer to 1.000 using distilled water
-wipe off water
-invert urine sample
-apply 1 - 2 drops to the surface of refractometer
-read of USG scale
-clean refractometer

Question 21

What does an increased and decreased specific gravity indicate?

Answer 21

Increased
=dehydration
=acute renal failure
=diabetes mellitus

Decreased
=polydipsia
=chronic renal failure

Question 22

What does a urine multistix test?

Answer 22

-glucose
-blood
-bilirubin
-ketones
-protein
-urobilinogen
-bile salts
-pH
-specific gravity

Question 23

Considerations for urine dipstick tests?

Answer 23

-should be in date
-kept in airtight container
-drop of urine placed on each element
-record colour at specified times

Question 24

What is the process of microscopic urine analysis?

Answer 24

-gloves
-invert urine sample
-pipette urine sample into centrifuge tube
-centrifuge sample
-remove most of supernatant layer
-add 1 - 2 drops of stain
-resuspend sediment by flicking base of tube
-apply 1-2 drops onto labelled slide
-place cover slip at 45 degrees
-examine at low magnification (x10)

Question 25

How long is urine centrifuged for?

Answer 25

1,500 rotations per minute for 5 minutes

Question 26

What can be seen under microscope in urine?

Answer 26

-cells
-casts
-crystals
-organisms

Question 27

Look at Crystal ID?