Urinalysis Flashcards
What is polyuria?
Excessive production and excretion of urine
What is oliguria?
Reduced production and excretion of urine
What is straguria?
Painful of uncomfortable passing of urine
What is anuria?
Absence of urine production
What is dysuria?
Difficulty in passing urine
What is normal urine output for dogs and cats?
1 - 2ml/kg/hr
24 - 48ml/kg/day
What equipment is needed to collect urine samples?
-gloves
-clean collection tray
-sterile sample pot
-clippers and skin prep
-needle and syringe
-ultrasound gel
-catheter
Important considerations when gathering urine samples?
-ideally collected in morning, first urination
-mid flow sample
-ppe
-preventing contamination
-examined within 1 hour of collection
How can urine be preserved?
-can be refrigerated for up to 6 hours
-cannot be frozen
What are the 4 methods of urine collection?
-free flow
-manual expression
-urethral catheter
-cytsocentesis
How is free flow carried out?
-collect mid flow as first flow can contain skin cells and debris which can cause contamination
-vulva or prepuce should be cleaned to avoid bacterial contamination
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using free flow?
A
=non traumatic
=not invasive
=cheap
D
=time consuming
=risk of contamination
How is manual expression carried out?
-gently and steadily palpate the bladder
-patient in lateral recumbency
-vulva and prepuce cleaned prior
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using manual expression?
A
=easy to perform
=cheap
D
=can cause bladder rupture or trauma
=not sterile
=can be uncomfortable
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using urethral catheter?
A
=easy to perform
=sterile
D
=costly
=may cause trauma or damage
=risk of iatrogenic infection
What is cystocentesis?
-involves passing a sterile needle through the abdominal wall into the bladder
-must be sufficient urine in the bladder to be effective
-can result in blood contamination of the sample
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using cystocentesis?
A
=sterile
=quick and easy to perform
=infection is uncommon
D
=need experience to carry out
What physical characteristics can be evaluated for urine analysis?
Odour
Consistency
Colour
Turbidity (cloudiness)
What are the normal specific gravity ranges in dogs and cats?
Dog = 1.015 - 1.045
Cat = 1.035 - 1.060
What is the process of conducting a specific gravity test?
-gloves
-calibrate refractometer to 1.000 using distilled water
-wipe off water
-invert urine sample
-apply 1 - 2 drops to the surface of refractometer
-read of USG scale
-clean refractometer
What does an increased and decreased specific gravity indicate?
Increased
=dehydration
=acute renal failure
=diabetes mellitus
Decreased
=polydipsia
=chronic renal failure
What does a urine multistix test?
-glucose
-blood
-bilirubin
-ketones
-protein
-urobilinogen
-bile salts
-pH
-specific gravity
Considerations for urine dipstick tests?
-should be in date
-kept in airtight container
-drop of urine placed on each element
-record colour at specified times
What is the process of microscopic urine analysis?
-gloves
-invert urine sample
-pipette urine sample into centrifuge tube
-centrifuge sample
-remove most of supernatant layer
-add 1 - 2 drops of stain
-resuspend sediment by flicking base of tube
-apply 1-2 drops onto labelled slide
-place cover slip at 45 degrees
-examine at low magnification (x10)
How long is urine centrifuged for?
1,500 rotations per minute for 5 minutes
What can be seen under microscope in urine?
-cells
-casts
-crystals
-organisms
Look at Crystal ID?
