Blood Analysis & Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is haematology?

A

-complete blood count is an integral part of the diagnostic investigation of any systemic disease
-blood collected in EDTA tube for haematology

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2
Q

Why must blood tubes be filled to the correct level?

A

-overfilling could lead to clot formation

-under-filling may alter cell size and morphology

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3
Q

What is a quantitive examination of cells?

A

Includes PCV, total red cell count, total white cell count, platelet count, and total plasma protein concentration

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4
Q

What is a qualitative examination?

A

Examination of blood smears for changes in cell shape and structure

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5
Q

What is dog and cat PCV?

A

Dog = 37-55%

Cat = 24-45%

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6
Q

What speed is centrifuge set at for PCV?

A

10,000 rotations per minute for 5 mins

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7
Q

What equipment is required for PCV?

A

-gloves
-gown
-capillary tube
-clay seal
-blood
-centrifuge
-hawksley microhaemocratic reader

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8
Q

What is the process of a PCV test?

A

-invert blood sample
-fill capillary tube 3/4 way up, hold horizontally
-thumb on top, apply clay seal at bottom
-put in centrifuge, must be balanced
-clay plug placed at outer side

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9
Q

How to read a PCV sample?

A

-line bottom of clay plug at the bottom line of reader
-line top of plasma at the top of the line

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10
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood in centrifuged capillary tube?

A

Plasma
Buffy coat
Red blood cells

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11
Q

What does an increased PCV mean?

A

Dehydration = as plasma levels are reduced

Endotoxic shock

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12
Q

What does a decreased PCV mean?

A

Anaemia

Haemorrhage

Decreased number of red blood cells

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13
Q

What can a blood smear be used to identify?

A

-abnormalities of rbc’s and WBC’s
-total white blood cell counts
-differential white blood cell count

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14
Q

What equipment is needed for blood smears?

A

-gloves
-EDTA blood sample
-microscope slide
-spreader slide
-distilled water
-swabs
-capillary tubes

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15
Q

What is the process of preparing a blood smear?

A

-label microscope slide, patient ID and date
-apply ppe
-clean slide with distilled water
-invert sample
-insert capillary tube
-apply blood to the slide and spread the blood
-should be thumb or bullet shape

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16
Q

How is a diff-quick stain carried out?

A

-prepare small pot of blue, red, purple stain
-dip dried blood smear slide into each stain 5 times, each for 1 second, excess shook off in-between
-rinse back side of slide with distilled water
-air dry slide vertically

17
Q

How long should it take for the blood to clot?

A

1 - 2 minutes

18
Q

What are the 2 blood clotting tests?

A

Buccal Mucosa Bleeding Time
-incision taken from inner lip
-tissue pressed against wound until bleeding stops

Activated Clotting Time
-1ml of blood placed in tube
-time from aspiration to clotting time

19
Q

What does a pre-anaesthetic profile test?

A

-urea
-creatine
-ALT
-ALKP
-glucose
-total protein

20
Q

What is urea?

A

-the waste product formed by the liver and excreted by the kidneys as a result of protein metabolism
-good indicator of liver and kidney function

21
Q

What is creatine?

A

-found in skeletal muscles
-quantity produced depends on diet and muscle mass
-determines kidney function

22
Q

What is glucose?

A

-main source of energy for cells in the body and concentration is controlled by hormones insulin and glucagon
-glucose levels are an indication of carbohydrate metabolism and endocrine pancreatic function

23
Q

What are normal dog and cat glucose levels?

A

Dog = 4.11 - 7.94 mmol/L

Cat = 4.11 - 8.83 mmol/L

24
Q

What does increased and decreased levels of urea indicate?

A

Increased
-infection
-dehydration
-chronic heart failure

Decreased
-liver failure
-low protein diet

25
What does increased levels of creatine indicate?
-heart disease -trauma to muscles -muscle disorders
26
What does increased and decreased levels of ALT indicate?
Increased -liver disease Decreased -not significant
27
What does increased and decreased levels of glucose indicate?
Increased -diabetes mellitus -stress -pancreatitis Decreased -starvation -malabsorption
28
What does increased and decreased levels of total protein indicate?
Increased -dehydration -infection Decreased -renal disease -malnutrition
29
What is reviewed in a general health profile?
-albumin -amylase -calcium -cholesterol -phosphorus -total bilirubin
30
What is albumin?
-maintains osmotic pressure of blood, formed by the liver
31
What is amylase?
-water soluble enzyme secreted by the pancreas
32
What does increased and decreased levels of calcium indicate?
Increased -dehydration -renal disease Decreased -pregnancy -eclampsia
33
What does increased and decreased levels of cholesterol indicate?
Increased -diabetes mellitus -liver and renal disease Decreased -maldigestion -malabsorption
34
What is phosphorus?
-plays vital roles in function and structure of cells -levels affected by age, diet, timing of sample
35
What does increased and decreased levels of phosphorus indicate?
Increased -kidney disease Decreased -malnutrition