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AUBF > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

Egyptian hieroglyphics that have references to the study of urine.

A

Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus

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2
Q

He wrote uroscopy and formulated 4 humors.

A

Hippocrates

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3
Q

He discovered albuminuria by boiling urine.

A

Frederik Dekker

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4
Q

He wrote a book about pisse prophets

A

Thomas Bryant

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5
Q

Charlatans w/o medical credentials that compromised the credibility of urinalysis by offering predictions to the public for a healthy fee

A

Pisse prophets

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6
Q

He introduced urinalysis as part of a doctor’s routine patient examination.

A

Richard Bright

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7
Q

Ultrafiltrate of plasma

A

urine

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8
Q
  • primary organic component
  • from liver
  • product of protein and amino acid metabolism
A

urea

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9
Q

product of creatine metabolism by muscles

A

creatinine

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10
Q

product of nucleic acid breakdown in food and cells

A

uric acid

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11
Q
  • primary inorganic compound
  • on sodium + other inorganic substances
A

chloride

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12
Q

regulates blood and tissue fluid acidity

A

ammonium

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13
Q

What is the normal daily urine output?

A

1200-1500mL

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14
Q
  • ↓ urine output
  • commonly seen when the body enters a state of dehydration from excessive water loss
A

oliguria

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15
Q

cessation of urine flow

A

anuria

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16
Q

↑ nocturnal excretion of urine

A

nocturia

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17
Q
  • ↑ daily urine volume
  • often associated with diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus
A

polyuria

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18
Q

What type of diabetes has a defect either in the pancreatic production of insulin or in the function of insulin?

A

diabetes mellitus

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19
Q

What type of diabetes involves a decrease in the production or function of antidiuretic hormones?

A

diabetes insipidus

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20
Q

What particular urine component should be tested to determine whether a fluid is a urine?

A

urea and creatinine

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21
Q

What is the required capacity for urine containers?

A

50mL

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22
Q

A urine specimen is tested within ___.

A

2 hours

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23
Q

What temperature is usually used for the preservation of urine specimens?

A

2-8℃

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24
Q

What type of specimen is used for pregnancy tests?

A

first morning

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25
Q

What type of specimen is used for quantitative chemical tests?

A

24-hour

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26
Q

What type of specimen is used for bacterial culture?

A

catheterized, midstream clean-catch, and suprapubic aspiration

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27
Q

What is the most commonly received specimen that detects obvious abnormalities?

A

random specimen

28
Q

What is the most commonly requested test for bacterial culture?

A

catheterized specimen

29
Q

Specimen collection that is done by the external introduction of a needle through the abdomen into the bladder.

A

Suprapubic aspiration

30
Q

a standardized form that must document and accompany every step of drug testing

A

Chain of custody (COC)

31
Q

a standardized form that must document and accompany every step of drug testing

A

Chain of custody (COC)

32
Q

How many volume of urine is recommended for drug specimen?

A

30-45mL

33
Q

In drug specimen collection, the urine temperature must be taken within ____ from the time of collection to confirm the specimen has not been adulterated.

A

4mins.

34
Q

Who introduced the methods for quantitating the microscopic sediment?

A

Thomas Addis

35
Q

In what year does urinalysis begin to disappear from routine examination?

A

1930s

36
Q

How much is the average daily urine output?

A

1200mL

37
Q

How much is the approximate filtrate converted from the reabsorption of water and filtered substances?

A

180,000mL (1.8L)

38
Q

What are the solutes that are not present in urine?

A

glucose and protein

39
Q

What solutes are high in urine?

A

creatinine
urea
sodium
chloride

40
Q

High uric acid produces what?

A

gout

41
Q
  • combine with chloride and other salts
A

potassium

42
Q
  • combine with sodium to buffer the blood
A

phosphate

43
Q
  • combines with chloride, sulfate, and phosphate
A

calcium

44
Q

What is the major body constituent?

A

water

45
Q

How much urine volume is considered normal due to variation?

A

600-2000mL

46
Q

What refers to the high ingestion of water?

A

Polydipsia

47
Q

What type of diabetes has high specific gravity?

A

diabetes mellitus

48
Q

What type of diabetes has low specific gravity?

A

diabetes insipidus

49
Q

What substances induce polyuria?

A

diuretics, caffeine, and alcohol

50
Q

Describe the urine container requirements.

A
  1. screw-top lids
  2. wide mouth (for female patients)
  3. wide, flat bottom (prevent overturning)
  4. 50mL capacity
51
Q

How much specimen is needed for microscopic analysis?

A

12mL

52
Q

At what temperature do enzyme reactions on strips perform best?

A

room temperature

53
Q

What type of urine specimen is the most ideal screening specimen?

A

first morning specimen

54
Q

What is detected when using the first-morning specimen?

A

chemicals and formed elements

55
Q

Enumerate the solutes that exhibit diurnal variations on 24hr specimens.

A
  1. catecholamines
  2. 17-hydroxysteroids
  3. electrolytes
56
Q

What will happen to the result if the urine is formed before the start of 24hr specimen collection?

A

falsely elevated

57
Q

What will happen to the result if there is a failure to add urine at the end of 24hr specimen collection?

A

falsely decreased

58
Q

During midstream clean-catch specimen collection, what cleansing agents should not be used?

A
  • povidone-iodine
  • hexachlorophene
59
Q

What type of procedure is done during the three-glass collection of prostatitis specimens?

A

midstream clean-catch procedure

60
Q

What refers to the test that uses 4-glass urine collection?

A

Stamey-Meares Test

61
Q

Indication of abnormal results on Stamey-Meares Test.

A

> 10-20 WBC/HPO field

62
Q

At what interval will you check the applied bags during pediatric specimen collection?

A

every 15mins

63
Q

What is the disadvantage of using refrigeration as a preservative?

A

precipitate amorphous phosphates and urates

64
Q

What preservative keeps the pH of the specimen at 6.0?

A

Boric acid

65
Q

What is the preservative that has excellent sediment preservatives and acts as a reducing agent?

A

Formalin

66
Q

What is the preservative that inhibits reagent strip tests?

A

Sodium fluoride

67
Q

What are the unique characteristics of a urine specimen?

A
  • readily available and easily collected
  • has information that can be obtained by inexpensive laboratory tests

AUBF (9 decks)

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