Urinalysis Flashcards
Egyptian hieroglyphics that have references to the study of urine.
Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus
He wrote uroscopy and formulated 4 humors.
Hippocrates
He discovered albuminuria by boiling urine.
Frederik Dekker
He wrote a book about pisse prophets
Thomas Bryant
Charlatans w/o medical credentials that compromised the credibility of urinalysis by offering predictions to the public for a healthy fee
Pisse prophets
He introduced urinalysis as part of a doctor’s routine patient examination.
Richard Bright
Ultrafiltrate of plasma
urine
- primary organic component
- from liver
- product of protein and amino acid metabolism
urea
product of creatine metabolism by muscles
creatinine
product of nucleic acid breakdown in food and cells
uric acid
- primary inorganic compound
- on sodium + other inorganic substances
chloride
regulates blood and tissue fluid acidity
ammonium
What is the normal daily urine output?
1200-1500mL
- ↓ urine output
- commonly seen when the body enters a state of dehydration from excessive water loss
oliguria
cessation of urine flow
anuria
↑ nocturnal excretion of urine
nocturia
- ↑ daily urine volume
- often associated with diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus
polyuria
What type of diabetes has a defect either in the pancreatic production of insulin or in the function of insulin?
diabetes mellitus
What type of diabetes involves a decrease in the production or function of antidiuretic hormones?
diabetes insipidus
What particular urine component should be tested to determine whether a fluid is a urine?
urea and creatinine
What is the required capacity for urine containers?
50mL
A urine specimen is tested within ___.
2 hours
What temperature is usually used for the preservation of urine specimens?
2-8℃
What type of specimen is used for pregnancy tests?
first morning
What type of specimen is used for quantitative chemical tests?
24-hour
What type of specimen is used for bacterial culture?
catheterized, midstream clean-catch, and suprapubic aspiration
What is the most commonly received specimen that detects obvious abnormalities?
random specimen
What is the most commonly requested test for bacterial culture?
catheterized specimen
Specimen collection that is done by the external introduction of a needle through the abdomen into the bladder.
Suprapubic aspiration
a standardized form that must document and accompany every step of drug testing
Chain of custody (COC)
a standardized form that must document and accompany every step of drug testing
Chain of custody (COC)
How many volume of urine is recommended for drug specimen?
30-45mL
In drug specimen collection, the urine temperature must be taken within ____ from the time of collection to confirm the specimen has not been adulterated.
4mins.
Who introduced the methods for quantitating the microscopic sediment?
Thomas Addis
In what year does urinalysis begin to disappear from routine examination?
1930s
How much is the average daily urine output?
1200mL
How much is the approximate filtrate converted from the reabsorption of water and filtered substances?
180,000mL (1.8L)
What are the solutes that are not present in urine?
glucose and protein
What solutes are high in urine?
creatinine
urea
sodium
chloride
High uric acid produces what?
gout
- combine with chloride and other salts
potassium
- combine with sodium to buffer the blood
phosphate
- combines with chloride, sulfate, and phosphate
calcium
What is the major body constituent?
water
How much urine volume is considered normal due to variation?
600-2000mL
What refers to the high ingestion of water?
Polydipsia
What type of diabetes has high specific gravity?
diabetes mellitus
What type of diabetes has low specific gravity?
diabetes insipidus
What substances induce polyuria?
diuretics, caffeine, and alcohol
Describe the urine container requirements.
- screw-top lids
- wide mouth (for female patients)
- wide, flat bottom (prevent overturning)
- 50mL capacity
How much specimen is needed for microscopic analysis?
12mL
At what temperature do enzyme reactions on strips perform best?
room temperature
What type of urine specimen is the most ideal screening specimen?
first morning specimen
What is detected when using the first-morning specimen?
chemicals and formed elements
Enumerate the solutes that exhibit diurnal variations on 24hr specimens.
- catecholamines
- 17-hydroxysteroids
- electrolytes
What will happen to the result if the urine is formed before the start of 24hr specimen collection?
falsely elevated
What will happen to the result if there is a failure to add urine at the end of 24hr specimen collection?
falsely decreased
During midstream clean-catch specimen collection, what cleansing agents should not be used?
- povidone-iodine
- hexachlorophene
What type of procedure is done during the three-glass collection of prostatitis specimens?
midstream clean-catch procedure
What refers to the test that uses 4-glass urine collection?
Stamey-Meares Test
Indication of abnormal results on Stamey-Meares Test.
> 10-20 WBC/HPO field
At what interval will you check the applied bags during pediatric specimen collection?
every 15mins
What is the disadvantage of using refrigeration as a preservative?
precipitate amorphous phosphates and urates
What preservative keeps the pH of the specimen at 6.0?
Boric acid
What is the preservative that has excellent sediment preservatives and acts as a reducing agent?
Formalin
What is the preservative that inhibits reagent strip tests?
Sodium fluoride
What are the unique characteristics of a urine specimen?
- readily available and easily collected
- has information that can be obtained by inexpensive laboratory tests
