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AUBF > Microscopic Examination of Urine > Flashcards

Microscopic Examination of Urine Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the microscopic technique:

for routine urinalysis

A

bright-field

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2
Q

Identify the microscopic technique:

for elements with low refractive index

(hyaline casts, mucus threads)

A

phase-contrast

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3
Q

Identify the microscopic technique:

ID of OFB, fatty casts, and crystals

A

polarizing

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4
Q

Identify the microscopic technique:

ID of Treponema pallidum

A

dark-field

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5
Q

Identify the microscopic technique:

3D-microscopy

A

interference-contrast

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6
Q

Identify stain:

action: Delineates structure and contrasting colors of the nucleus and cytoplasm

function: Identifies WBCs, epithelial cells, and casts

A

Sternheimer-Malbin

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7
Q

Identify stain:

action: Enhances nuclear detail

function: Differentiates WBCs from RTE cells

A

Toluidine blue

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8
Q

Identify stain:

action: Lyses RBCs and enhances nuclei of WBCs

function: Distinguishes RBCs from WBCs, yeast, oil droplets, and crystals

A

2% acetic acid

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9
Q

Identify stain:

action: Stain triglycerides and neutral fats orange-red

function: Identify free fat droplets and lipid-containing cells and casts

do not stain cholesterol

A

Lipid stains

(Oil Red O and Sudan III)

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10
Q

Identify stain:

action: Differentiates gram-positive and gram- negative bacteria

function: Identifies bacterial casts

A

gram stain

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11
Q

Identify stain:

action: Methylene blue and eosin Y stains eosinophilic granules

function: Identifies urinary eosinophils

A

Hansel stain

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12
Q

Identify stain:

action: Stains structures containing iron

function: Identifies yellow-brown granules of hemosiderin in cells and casts

A

Prussian blue stain

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13
Q

settings for centrifugation of microscopic specimens

A

5mins at 400 RCF

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14
Q

What is the minimum of fields to observe under LPO and HPO?

A

10 fields

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15
Q

Identify the urine sediment:

  • biconcave disk
  • ghost cells

sig: glomerular damage, infection, trauma, tumors, renal calculi

A

RBCs

diluted urine: swell/burst
concentrated urine: crenated/shrink

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16
Q

Identify the urine sediment:

glitter cells with brownian movement

sig: cystitis, pyelonephritis, tumors, renal calculi

A

neutrophils

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17
Q

Identify the urine sediment:

  • largest cell sediment
  • clue cells

no clinical significance

A

squamous epithelial cells

(from linings of vagina, female + male lower urethra)

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18
Q

Identify the urine sediment:

  • from linings of renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, upper urethra
  • in small numbers

sig: may form syncytia (clumps)

A

Transitional Epithelial cells

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19
Q

Identify the urine sediment:

  • most clinically significant
  • indicative of necrosis of renal tubules

sig: tubular necrosis, toxins, viral infections, and renal rejection

A

Renal tubular epithelial cell

20
Q

Identify the urine sediment:

  • RTE cell containing fat droplets
  • Maltese cross appearance with polarized light

sig: nephrotic syndrome

A

Oval Fat Bodies

21
Q

Identify the urine sediment:

  • urine pH>8
  • significant of UTI if accompanied with WBCs
A

Bacteria

22
Q

Identify the urine sediment:

  • most frequent parasite in urine
  • flagellate w/ half undulating membrane
  • motility: rapid, jerky, nondirectional

resembles WBC if not moving

A

T. vaginalis

23
Q

Identify the urine sediment:

  • toxic to urine
  • female vaginal contaminants
A

spermatozoa

24
Q

Identify the urine sediment:

a protein material that is transparent and thread-like (ribbon)

no clinical significance

A

mucus

mistaken for hyaline casts

25
Q

What is the major constituent of mucus and urine casts?

A

uromodulin

26
Q

Where does urine casts are formed?

A

DCT and collecting ducts

27
Q

Where can you find urine casts during microscopic examination?

A

edges of cover slip

28
Q

Identify the urine cast:

  • most frequently seen but least significant
  • pink in Steinheimer-Malbin

↑ with stress, exercise, renal disease, congestive heart failure

A

Hyaline casts

29
Q

Identify the urine cast:

  • most fragile
  • damage to the glomerulus

Sig: acute glomerulonephritis

A

RBC casts

30
Q

Identify the urine cast:

  • infection/inflammation within nephron

sig: pyelonephritis

A

WBC cast

31
Q

Identify the urine cast:

  • urinary stasis
  • fragmented with jagged ends
A

waxy cast

32
Q

Identify the urine cast:

  • nephrotic syndrome
  • contain lipid droplets
A

fatty casts

33
Q

Identify the urine cast:

  • renal failure casts
  • advanced renal disease
A

broad casts

34
Q

Identify the urinary crystal:

  • pH: acid or neutral (normal)
  • rosettes + wedges

sig: gout

A

uric acid

35
Q

Identify the urinary crystal:

  • pH: acid or neutral (normal)
  • color: brick-dust/yellow brown

Form pink precipitate

A

amorphous urates

36
Q

Identify the urinary crystal:

  • pH: acid/neutral (normal)
  • color: colorless (envelopes, dumbell, and ovoid)

Most common constituent of renal calculi

A

calcium oxalate

37
Q

Identify the urinary crystal:

  • pH: normal alkaline
  • form white precipitate
A

amorphous phosphates

38
Q

Identify the urinary crystal:

coffin-lid appearance

normal alkaline

A

triple phosphate

39
Q

Identify the urinary crystal:

thorny apples

normal alkaline; old specimens

A

ammonium biurate

40
Q

Identify the urinary crystal:

dumbbells

normal alkaline

A

calcium carbonate

41
Q

Identify the urinary crystal:

  • pH: normal alkaline
  • needles
A

calcium phosphate

42
Q

Identify the urinary crystal:

  • yellow, oily-looking
  • radial and concentric striations
  • seen with tyrosine

liver disease

A

leucine

43
Q

Identify the urinary crystal:

fine yellow needles in sheaves

liver disease

A

tyrosine

44
Q

Identify the urinary crystal:

hexagonal

doesn’t polarize light

A

cystine

45
Q

Identify the urinary crystal:

notched-out corners/ “stairs”

bifringent

A

cholesterol

AUBF (9 decks)

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