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Lab > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

5 Clinical reasons for performing urinalysis testing:

A
  1. important indicator of health
  2. screening test
  3. cost-effective
  4. non-invasive
  5. simple to perform
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2
Q

Urinalysis screening test is used to assess 4 things?

A
  1. renal function
  2. endocrine function
  3. systemic disease
  4. UTI
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3
Q

What are the 2 methods of urine collection?

A
  1. Non-instrumented
  2. Instrumented collection
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4
Q

4 Types of non-instrumented collection:

A
  1. first morning void
  2. random urine specimen
  3. clean catch urine specimen
  4. 24hr urine specimen
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5
Q

3 types of instrumented collection:

A
  1. urethral catheterization
  2. suprapubic needle aspiration
  3. catheterization and bladder irrigation
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6
Q

Urine specimens should be analyzed within how many hours?

A

1-2 hours

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7
Q

You can refrigerate the specimen for how many hours?

A

3-6 hours

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8
Q

specimens left at room temp will begin to decompose due to what?

A

presence of bacteria

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9
Q

If urine is left at room temp it will decompose and cause what?

A

inaccurate results

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10
Q

what process produces bacteria that produces ammonia that combines with hydrogen ions to increase pH?

A

Urea splitting

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11
Q

Changes in pH will dissolve what?

A

casts

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12
Q

If glucose is present in the urine, bacteria will use it as a source of energy causing what?

A

false negative glycosuria

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13
Q

blood cells and casts will deteriorate without what?

A

a preservative

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14
Q

What is the advantage of freezing?

A

simple and no cost

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15
Q

Which is the most concentrated urine specimen?

A

first morning void

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16
Q

What is the recommended specimen for chemical and microscopic exam?

A

first morning void

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17
Q

Which is the most common & convenient for pt?

A

random urine

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18
Q

Which specimen is best for bacterial cultures?

A

clean catch

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19
Q

cultures should be performed within how many hours after collection?

only if _______

A

12 hours

refrigerated

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20
Q

For clean catch what must you tell the pt

A

genitalia must be cleaned with antiseptic wipe

collect mid-stream

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21
Q

what kind of results does a 24hr urine specimen give

qualitative/quantitative?

A

quantitative

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22
Q

Urethral catheterization is not recommended for what?

A

bacteriologic examination

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23
Q

urethral catheterization is commonly used on what type of pts?

A

obese

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24
Q

suprapubic aspiration is collection of choice for what type of pts?

A

infants and children

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25
Q

How many mL of saline are inserted for bladder irrigation?

A

50-72 mL

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26
Q

Catherization and bladder irrigation is best for

A

cytologic study

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27
Q

which method yields optimum sample of bladder epithelium?

A

Catheterization and bladder irrigation

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28
Q

3 methods of urine sample analysis?

A
  1. physical (appearance)
  2. chemical (dipstick)
  3. microscopic (formed elements)
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29
Q

5 methods of physical analysis of a urine sample

A
  1. volume
  2. color
  3. turbidity
  4. odor
  5. specific gravity
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30
Q

What is the normal volume range in a 24hr period?

A

600-2000 mL

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31
Q

What is the average urine volume?

A

1500mL

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32
Q

The amount of urine is directly related to what 3 things?

A
  1. fluid intake
  2. temperature and climate
  3. amount of perspiration
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33
Q

What is the normal color of urine?

A

straw color to dark amber

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34
Q

blue/green urine means?

A

methylene

dye or stain in diagnostic testing

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35
Q

dark orange urine means?

A

pyridium used to tx UTI

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36
Q

milky white urines?

A

chyle (fat)

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37
Q

olive green to brown black urine means?

A

phenols

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38
Q

yellow to brown urine that turns green with foam when shaken?

A

bile

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39
Q

red to red-brown (smokey appearance)

A

blood

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40
Q

what is turbid alkaline due to?

A

amphorous sulfate & carbonate

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41
Q

what is turbid acidic urine due to?

A

amorphous urates

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42
Q

pinkish turbidity is from

A

urates

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43
Q

urine that has been sitting develops what type of odor?

A

ammonia

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44
Q

what causes the ammonia odor in urine?

A

breakdown of urea by bacteria

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45
Q

sweet or fruity smelling urine

A

ketones

46
Q

pungent smelling urine

A

ammonia

47
Q

maple syrup smelling urine

A

maple syrup disease a congenital metabolic disorder

48
Q

musty or mousy smelling urine

A

phenylketonuria

PKU

49
Q

sweaty feet smelling urine

A

isovaleric acidemia

presence of butyric or hexanoic acid

50
Q

what is the specific gravity of random urine?

A

1.003 - 1.035

51
Q

what is the specific gravity of 24hr urine?

A

1.015 - 1.025

52
Q

Does normal urine have glucose?

A

Negative

53
Q

when will the presence of glucose appear in the urine?

A

160-180

54
Q

what may glucose in the urine indicate?

A

diabetes mellitus or hyperglycemia

55
Q

Does normal urine have ketones?

A

Negative

56
Q

what may ketones in the urine indicate?

A

diabetes mellitus

57
Q

what conditions are associated with ketosis?

A
  • starvation
  • diabetes mellitus
  • keto diet
  • eclampsia
58
Q

Does normal urine have occult blood?

A

Negative

59
Q

Intact RBCs present in the urine may indicate?

A

trauma to the kidney or urinary tract

60
Q

hematuria may also be due to

A

menstrual blood or excessive exercise

61
Q

Does normal urine have bilirubin?

A

Negative

62
Q

What conditions could cause bilirubin in the urine

A

jaundice

63
Q

Is Urobilinogen present in normal urine?

A

yes, 1 or less

64
Q

An increase in urobilinogen may indicate what?

A

liver disease or hemolytic disease

65
Q

what is the normal pH range for urine?

A

4.6 - 8.0

66
Q

Is the pH of urine slightly base/acidic?

A

acidic

67
Q

What is the average pH of urine?

A

6.0

68
Q

What 5 conditions may cause acidic urine?

A
  1. Respiratory/metabolic acidosis
  2. UTI by E. coli
  3. Uremia
  4. Severe diarrhea
  5. Starvation
69
Q

UTIs are caused by what?

A

Proteus and Pseudomonas

70
Q

Does normal urine have protein?

A

Negative

71
Q

what is an important indicator of renal disease if present in the urine?

A

protein

72
Q

Does normal urine have nitrite?

A

Negative

73
Q

Does normal urine have leukocyte esterase (LE)?

A

Negative

74
Q

What is used as an indirect test for bacteriuria?

A

leukocyte esterase

75
Q

what is associated with an inflammatory process in or around the urinary tract?

A

leukocyturia

76
Q

macroscopic analysis is based on

A

appearance

77
Q

chemical analysis is based on a

A

dip stick

78
Q

microscopic analysis is looking for

A

formed elements

79
Q

Normal color results:

A

clear to yellow

80
Q

Normal Leukocyte esterase results:

A

Negative

81
Q

Normal Nitrite results:

A

Negative

82
Q

Normal Urobilinogen results:

A

less than or equal to 1

83
Q

Normal Protein results:

A

Negative to trace

84
Q

Normal pH results:

A

4.6 to 8.0

85
Q

Normal Blood results:

A

Negative

86
Q

Normal Specific gravity results:

A

1.003-1.035

87
Q

Normal Ketones results:

A

Negative

88
Q

Normal Bilirubin results:

A

Negative

89
Q

Normal Glucose results:

A

Negative

90
Q

Normal results RBC:

A

0-3

91
Q

Normal WBC results:

A

0-2

92
Q

Normal Epithelial cells results:

A

0-1

93
Q

Normal Casts results:

A

depends on the type

94
Q

Normal Bacteria results:

A

Negative to trace

95
Q

Mild proteinuria

A

>0.5

96
Q

Moderate

A

0.5 - 3.5

97
Q

Significant proteinuria

A

>3.5

98
Q

What is an indirect test for bacteriuria (UTI)?

A

Leukocyte esterase (LE)

99
Q

What may an increase in urobilinogen indicate?

A

anemia, cirrhosis, viral hepatitis

100
Q

Bilirubin in the urine may suggest

A

obstruction of the bile duct

101
Q

Dipsticks for blood are dependent on the presence of

A

hemoglobin, RBCs, and myoglobin

102
Q

A dipstick can detect as few as

A

1-2 RBCs

103
Q

The presence of how many RBCs is considered abnormal

A

<3 RBCs

104
Q

Persistent RBCs may indicate:

A

glomerulonephritis

kidney stones

cancer

infection

105
Q

Myoglobin is highly suggestive of what?

A

Rhabdomyolysis

106
Q

Presence of _____ in the urine is an indirect indicator of a UTI?

A

Nitrite

107
Q

Glycosuria is suggestive of what?

A

Diabetes

108
Q

If microorganisms are found in the urine what is the first consideration?

A

contamination

109
Q

<1 epithelial cells is considered abnormal and may indicate

A

inflammation

110
Q

what gives urine its color

A

urochrome

Lab (12 decks)

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