16-2 Flashcards
how many liters of fluid filter from blood into tissue spaces daily?
20 liters
Lymphatic tissue is a specialized form of ________?
reticular connective tissue
Interstitial fluid and lymph contain less _______ than blood plasma.
protein
How many liters of lymph fluid are filtered from arterial capillaries and returned to blood through reabsorption
17 liters
The remaining 3 liters per day pass first into ________ and are then returned to the blood.
lymphatic vessels
What are the 3 Primary Functions of the Lymphatic System?
- Drains excess interstitial fluid
- Transports Dietary Lipids
- Carries out Immune Responses
Lymphatic capillaries are slightly larger than blood capillaries and have a unique structure that permits interstitial fluid to flow _________.
into them, but not
out.
lymph nodes contain masses of _________ that are surrounded by a capsule.
B cells and T cells
what are the 2 main channels lymph passes into?
- thoracic duct
- right lymphatic duct
which duct receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, and chest; the left upper limb; and the entire body below the ribs?
thoracic duct
Which duct drains lymph from the upper right side of the
body?
right lymphatic duct
what 2 pumps aid return of venous blood to the heart & maintain the flow of lymph:
- Skeletal muscle pump
- Respiratory pump
How does the skeletal muscle pump work?
“milking action”
compresses lymphatic vessels and forces lymph toward the subclavian veins.
How does the Respiratory muscle pump work?
pressure changes that occur during inhalation, and reverse during exhalation
How does the Respiratory muscle pump work?
pressure changes that occur during inhalation, and reverse during exhalation
What are the 2 sites where stem cells divide and develop into mature B cells and T cells?
- Red bone marrow
- Thymus
where do stem cells give rise to mature B Cells and immature T Cells?
Red bone marrow
Where do T cells mature?
Thymus
what are the 3 Secondary Lymphatic Organs?
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- lymphatic nodules
where are Lymph nodes heavily concentrated?
mammary glands, axillae and groin
what is the largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body?
spleen
the spleen contains 2 types of tissue?
- white pulp
- red pulp
what is white pulp?
lymphatic tissue where B and T cells carry out immune responses
what is red pulp?
blood-filled sinuses where worn-out blood cells and platelets are removed
what are egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue that are not surrounded by a capsule.
Lymphatic Nodules
What includes the skin and mucous membranes (First Line of Defense) and (Second Line of Defense), such as antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation, and fever.
Innate Immunity
Lymphatic nodules are plentiful in the connective tissue of mucous membranes lining what?
gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive tracts and the respiratory airways.
what involves lymphocytes called B cells and T cells and there are 2 types of adaptive immunity: Cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity?
Adaptive Immunity
What are the 2 lines of defense?
- Skin and mucous membranes
- Internal defenses
what are the 5 Internal defenses?
- Fever
- Phagocytes
- Antimicrobial substances
- Inflammation
- Natural killer cells
what do Antimicrobial substances do?
discourage microbial growth
what do Phagocytes do?
ingest microbes
what causes cellular destruction by releasing proteins that destroy the target cells membrane?
Natural killer cells
what prevents spread to other tissues and prepares site for repair?
inflammation
what intensifies effects of interferons, inhibits microbial growth and speeds up reactions that aid in repair?
Fever
what is the 1st Line of Defense?
Skin and Mucous Membranes
what is the 2nd Line of Defense?
Internal Defenses
what are the 3 main functions of a fever?
- intensifies the effects of interferons
- inhibits the growth of some microbes
- speeds up body reactions that aid repair
What is a defensive response of the body to tissue damage?
Inflammation
what are the 2 major types of T cells?
- Helper T cells
- Cytotoxic T cells
what are the 2 types of adaptive immunity?
- cell mediated immunity
- antibody mediated immunity
What is an abnormally high body temperature that occurs because the hypothalamic thermostat is reset?
Fever
The branch of science that deals with the responses of the body to antigens is called what?
immunology
Adaptive immune system cells recognize and do not attack their own tissues and chemicals is called what?
self- tolerance
Both types of adaptive immunity are triggered by what?
antigens
What aid the immune responses of both cell-mediated and antibody mediated immunity?
Helper T cells
Cell-mediated immunity is particularly effective against what?
- viruses, bacteria, or fungi
- cancer cells
- foreign tissue transplants
A lymphocyte that undergoes clonal selection gives rise to two major types of cells which are?
Effector cells and memory cells.
Are effector cells short lived or long lived?
short lived
Are memory cells short lived or long lived?
long lived
Located at the plasma membrane surface of most body cells are protein “selfantigens” known as what?
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins
What help T cells recognize that an antigen is foreign, not self?
MHC proteins
Immunoglobulins are grouped into what 5 different classes?
- IgG,
- IgA
- IgM
- IgE
- IgD
What do IgM antibodies indicate?
recent infection
What are the 4 types of antimicrobial substances?
- Lymphocytes
- Interferons
- Macrophages
- Fibroblasts
Viruses can only cause disease if they can what?
replicate
What creates holes in the plasma
membrane of the microbe?
complement proteins
extracellular fluid moves into the holes, causing the
microbe to burst, a process called what?
cytolysis
what are the 4 sx of inflammation?
- redness
- pain
- heat
- swelling
B cells transform into what?
plasma cells
Cell mediated immunity is effective against
intracellular pathogens
Antibody mediated immunity is effective against
extracellular pathogens
IgM
recent infection
IgA
from breast milk
IgG
cross placenta
