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Lab > 16-2 > Flashcards

16-2 Flashcards

1
Q

how many liters of fluid filter from blood into tissue spaces daily?

A

20 liters

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2
Q

Lymphatic tissue is a specialized form of ________?

A

reticular connective tissue

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3
Q

Interstitial fluid and lymph contain less _______ than blood plasma.

A

protein

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4
Q

How many liters of lymph fluid are filtered from arterial capillaries and returned to blood through reabsorption

A

17 liters

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5
Q

The remaining 3 liters per day pass first into ________ and are then returned to the blood.

A

lymphatic vessels

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6
Q

What are the 3 Primary Functions of the Lymphatic System?

A
  1. Drains excess interstitial fluid
  2. Transports Dietary Lipids
  3. Carries out Immune Responses
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7
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are slightly larger than blood capillaries and have a unique structure that permits interstitial fluid to flow _________.

A

into them, but not
out.

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8
Q

lymph nodes contain masses of _________ that are surrounded by a capsule.

A

B cells and T cells

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9
Q

what are the 2 main channels lymph passes into?

A
  1. thoracic duct
  2. right lymphatic duct
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10
Q

which duct receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, and chest; the left upper limb; and the entire body below the ribs?

A

thoracic duct

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11
Q

Which duct drains lymph from the upper right side of the
body?

A

right lymphatic duct

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12
Q

what 2 pumps aid return of venous blood to the heart & maintain the flow of lymph:

A
  1. Skeletal muscle pump
  2. Respiratory pump
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13
Q

How does the skeletal muscle pump work?

A

“milking action”

compresses lymphatic vessels and forces lymph toward the subclavian veins.

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14
Q

How does the Respiratory muscle pump work?

A

pressure changes that occur during inhalation, and reverse during exhalation

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15
Q

How does the Respiratory muscle pump work?

A

pressure changes that occur during inhalation, and reverse during exhalation

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16
Q

What are the 2 sites where stem cells divide and develop into mature B cells and T cells?

A
  1. Red bone marrow
  2. Thymus
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17
Q

where do stem cells give rise to mature B Cells and immature T Cells?

A

Red bone marrow

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18
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

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19
Q

what are the 3 Secondary Lymphatic Organs?

A
  1. lymph nodes
  2. spleen
  3. lymphatic nodules
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20
Q

where are Lymph nodes heavily concentrated?

A

mammary glands, axillae and groin

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21
Q

what is the largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body?

A

spleen

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22
Q

the spleen contains 2 types of tissue?

A
  1. white pulp
  2. red pulp
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23
Q

what is white pulp?

A

lymphatic tissue where B and T cells carry out immune responses

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24
Q

what is red pulp?

A

blood-filled sinuses where worn-out blood cells and platelets are removed

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25
Q

what are egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue that are not surrounded by a capsule.

A

Lymphatic Nodules

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26
Q

What includes the skin and mucous membranes (First Line of Defense) and (Second Line of Defense), such as antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation, and fever.

A

Innate Immunity

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27
Q

Lymphatic nodules are plentiful in the connective tissue of mucous membranes lining what?

A

gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive tracts and the respiratory airways.

28
Q

what involves lymphocytes called B cells and T cells and there are 2 types of adaptive immunity: Cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity?

A

Adaptive Immunity

29
Q

What are the 2 lines of defense?

A
  1. Skin and mucous membranes
  2. Internal defenses
30
Q

what are the 5 Internal defenses?

A
  1. Fever
  2. Phagocytes
  3. Antimicrobial substances
  4. Inflammation
  5. Natural killer cells
31
Q

what do Antimicrobial substances do?

A

discourage microbial growth

32
Q

what do Phagocytes do?

A

ingest microbes

33
Q

what causes cellular destruction by releasing proteins that destroy the target cells membrane?

A

Natural killer cells

34
Q

what prevents spread to other tissues and prepares site for repair?

A

inflammation

35
Q

what intensifies effects of interferons, inhibits microbial growth and speeds up reactions that aid in repair?

A

Fever

36
Q

what is the 1st Line of Defense?

A

Skin and Mucous Membranes

37
Q

what is the 2nd Line of Defense?

A

Internal Defenses

38
Q

what are the 3 main functions of a fever?

A
  1. intensifies the effects of interferons
  2. inhibits the growth of some microbes
  3. speeds up body reactions that aid repair
39
Q

What is a defensive response of the body to tissue damage?

A

Inflammation

40
Q

what are the 2 major types of T cells?

A
  1. Helper T cells
  2. Cytotoxic T cells
41
Q

what are the 2 types of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. cell mediated immunity
  2. antibody mediated immunity
42
Q

What is an abnormally high body temperature that occurs because the hypothalamic thermostat is reset?

A

Fever

43
Q

The branch of science that deals with the responses of the body to antigens is called what?

A

immunology

44
Q

Adaptive immune system cells recognize and do not attack their own tissues and chemicals is called what?

A

self- tolerance

45
Q

Both types of adaptive immunity are triggered by what?

A

antigens

46
Q

What aid the immune responses of both cell-mediated and antibody mediated immunity?

A

Helper T cells

47
Q

Cell-mediated immunity is particularly effective against what?

A
  1. viruses, bacteria, or fungi
  2. cancer cells
  3. foreign tissue transplants
48
Q

A lymphocyte that undergoes clonal selection gives rise to two major types of cells which are?

A

Effector cells and memory cells.

49
Q

Are effector cells short lived or long lived?

A

short lived

50
Q

Are memory cells short lived or long lived?

A

long lived

51
Q

Located at the plasma membrane surface of most body cells are protein “selfantigens” known as what?

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins

52
Q

What help T cells recognize that an antigen is foreign, not self?

A

MHC proteins

53
Q

Immunoglobulins are grouped into what 5 different classes?

A
  1. IgG,
  2. IgA
  3. IgM
  4. IgE
  5. IgD
54
Q

What do IgM antibodies indicate?

A

recent infection

55
Q

What are the 4 types of antimicrobial substances?

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Interferons
  3. Macrophages
  4. Fibroblasts
56
Q

Viruses can only cause disease if they can what?

A

replicate

57
Q

What creates holes in the plasma
membrane of the microbe?

A

complement proteins

58
Q

extracellular fluid moves into the holes, causing the
microbe to burst, a process called what?

A

cytolysis

59
Q

what are the 4 sx of inflammation?

A
  1. redness
  2. pain
  3. heat
  4. swelling
60
Q

B cells transform into what?

A

plasma cells

61
Q

Cell mediated immunity is effective against

A

intracellular pathogens

62
Q

Antibody mediated immunity is effective against

A

extracellular pathogens

63
Q

IgM

A

recent infection

64
Q

IgA

A

from breast milk

65
Q

IgG

A

cross placenta

Lab (12 decks)

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