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Medical Assistant > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

Anuria

A

Failure of the kidney to produce urine

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2
Q

Diuresis

A

Secretion and passage of large amounts of urine

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3
Q

Dysuria

A

Difficult or painful urination

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4
Q

Hematuria

A

The presence of blood in the urine

Conditions: cystitis, tumors of the bladder, urethritis, kidney stones, and certain kidney disorders

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5
Q

Nocturia

A

Excessive (voluntary) uriniation during the night

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6
Q

Nocturnal enuresis

A

Inability of the individual to control uriniation at night during sleep (bedwetting)

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7
Q

Oliguria

A

Decrease output of urine

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8
Q

Polyuria

A

Increase output of urine

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9
Q

Pyuria

A

The presence of pus in the urine

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10
Q

Retention

A

Inability of empty the bladder

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11
Q

Urinary incontinence

A

The inability to retain urine

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12
Q

Clean-Catch Midstream Specimen

A
  • Used for urine that is to be cultured.
  • Purpose is the removal of microorganisms from the unitary meatus and the distal urethra
  • Used for UTI and effectiveness of drug therapy
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13
Q

Bladder catheterization

A

passing of a sterile tube (catheter) through the urethra and into the bladder to remove urine

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14
Q

Suprapubic aspiration

A

The passing of a sterile needle through the abdominal wall into the bladder to remove urine

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15
Q

First-Catch Urine Specimen

A
  • Used to test for clamydia and gonorrhea using nucleic acid amplification (NAA)
  • Needs 15 to 30mL of urine
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16
Q

24 Hour Urine Specimen

A
  • Used for qualitative measurement of specific urinary components.
  • i.e. electrolytes, hormones, proteines, and urobilinogen
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17
Q

Urinalysis

A

The analysis of urine that consists of physical, chemical, and microscopic exams

18
Q

Physical Exam of urine

A

Determines the color, appearance, and specific gravity

19
Q

Specific gravity

A

Indicates the amount of dissolved substance present in the urine, providing info on the ability of the kidneys to dilute or concentration the urine

20
Q

Chemical Exam of Urine

A

Used to assist in evaluation of diagnosis of kidney fxn and possible pathological condition
Ex. UTI, carbohydrates metabolism and liver function

21
Q

pH

A

Urine is normally 4.6 to 8, a freshly voided specimen can be about 6.0.
- A high pH reading can indicate a bacterial infection of the urinary tract

22
Q

Glucose

A

Normally not in urine. It is filtered through the neophrons and reasorbed. Blood sugar is too high then renal threshold is exceeded and it spills over to the urine (glycosuria)

23
Q

Renal threshold

A

The concentration at which a substance in the blood that is not normally excreted by the kidneys begins to appear in the urine.
- Typically 160 to 180mg/dL (100 mL of blood)

24
Q

Proteinuria

A

Protein in urine. Can be caused by stress but usually an indicator of pathological conditions
- Ex. renal disease, UTI, and glomerular filtration problems

25
Q

Ketones

A
  • 3 Types: Beta-hydoxybutyric acid, acetoacetic acid, and acetone
  • Are normal products of fat metabolism and can be used by muscle tissue as a source of energy
26
Q

Ketosis

A

Large amounts of ketones accumulate in the tissue and body fluids

27
Q

Ketonuria

A

Ketones in urine

28
Q

Bilirubin

A

The brakedown of hemoglobin is the vivid yellow pigment.

29
Q

Bilirubinuria

A

Bilirubin in the urine usually from conditions: gallstones, hepatitis, cirrhosis

30
Q

Urobilinogen

A

Bacteria from the intestines convert to urobilinogen. Increase of bilirubin increases the amount of urobilinogen excreted from the urine
Conditions: infectious hepatitis, cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, and infectious mononucleosis

31
Q

Nitrite

A

Usually indicates UTI. Converts nitrate to nitrite . Uses first void morning specimen

32
Q

Leukocyturia

A

The presence of leukocytes. Clean catch midstream is recommended urine specimen
Conditions: inflammation of kidneys and lower urinary tract. Specific conditions: cystitis, urethritis, and chronic pyelonephritis.

33
Q

Urine Sediment (US*)

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, Squamous epithelial cells, renal tubular epithelial cells, hyaline casts, amorphous rate, uric acid, calcium oxalate, bacteria, yeast, parasites and parasitic ova, and spermatozoa

34
Q

Red blood cells US*

A
  • Round, colorless, biocave discs that are highly refractive.
  • 0-5 cells per HPF
  • Concentrated urine causes red blood cells to appear shrunken or crenated
  • Dilute urine causes them the swell and become round= hemolyze
35
Q

White blood cells US*

A

0-8 per HPF is normal. More = inflammation of the genitourinary tract

36
Q

Squamous Epithelial Cells US*

A

Large, clear, flat cells with an irregular shape and neculeus. Come from urethra, bladder, and vagina

37
Q

Renal Epithelial Cells US*

A

Round and contain a large nucleus. Usually abnormal to see them

38
Q

Casts US*

A

Cylindric structure formed in the lumen of the tubules that make up the nephron.
Ex: Fatty, Waxy, Cellular, Grandular

39
Q

Hyaline Casts

A

Pale, colorless cylinder with rounded edges that vary in size

40
Q

Crystals US*

A

Commonly appear in alkaline urine. Ex amorphous phosphate, triple phosphate, calcium phosphate, and ammonium irate crystals

41
Q

Yeast Cells US*

A

Smooth, refractive bodies with oval shape. Vaginal contaminants caused by yeast Candida albicans which cause vulvovaginal candidiasis

42
Q

Parasites US*

A

Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasite that causes Trichomonas vaginitis

Medical Assistant (13 decks)

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