Urinalysis Flashcards
Anuria
Failure of the kidney to produce urine
Diuresis
Secretion and passage of large amounts of urine
Dysuria
Difficult or painful urination
Hematuria
The presence of blood in the urine
Conditions: cystitis, tumors of the bladder, urethritis, kidney stones, and certain kidney disorders
Nocturia
Excessive (voluntary) uriniation during the night
Nocturnal enuresis
Inability of the individual to control uriniation at night during sleep (bedwetting)
Oliguria
Decrease output of urine
Polyuria
Increase output of urine
Pyuria
The presence of pus in the urine
Retention
Inability of empty the bladder
Urinary incontinence
The inability to retain urine
Clean-Catch Midstream Specimen
- Used for urine that is to be cultured.
- Purpose is the removal of microorganisms from the unitary meatus and the distal urethra
- Used for UTI and effectiveness of drug therapy
Bladder catheterization
passing of a sterile tube (catheter) through the urethra and into the bladder to remove urine
Suprapubic aspiration
The passing of a sterile needle through the abdominal wall into the bladder to remove urine
First-Catch Urine Specimen
- Used to test for clamydia and gonorrhea using nucleic acid amplification (NAA)
- Needs 15 to 30mL of urine
24 Hour Urine Specimen
- Used for qualitative measurement of specific urinary components.
- i.e. electrolytes, hormones, proteines, and urobilinogen
Urinalysis
The analysis of urine that consists of physical, chemical, and microscopic exams
Physical Exam of urine
Determines the color, appearance, and specific gravity
Specific gravity
Indicates the amount of dissolved substance present in the urine, providing info on the ability of the kidneys to dilute or concentration the urine
Chemical Exam of Urine
Used to assist in evaluation of diagnosis of kidney fxn and possible pathological condition
Ex. UTI, carbohydrates metabolism and liver function
pH
Urine is normally 4.6 to 8, a freshly voided specimen can be about 6.0.
- A high pH reading can indicate a bacterial infection of the urinary tract
Glucose
Normally not in urine. It is filtered through the neophrons and reasorbed. Blood sugar is too high then renal threshold is exceeded and it spills over to the urine (glycosuria)
Renal threshold
The concentration at which a substance in the blood that is not normally excreted by the kidneys begins to appear in the urine.
- Typically 160 to 180mg/dL (100 mL of blood)
Proteinuria
Protein in urine. Can be caused by stress but usually an indicator of pathological conditions
- Ex. renal disease, UTI, and glomerular filtration problems
Ketones
- 3 Types: Beta-hydoxybutyric acid, acetoacetic acid, and acetone
- Are normal products of fat metabolism and can be used by muscle tissue as a source of energy
Ketosis
Large amounts of ketones accumulate in the tissue and body fluids
Ketonuria
Ketones in urine
Bilirubin
The brakedown of hemoglobin is the vivid yellow pigment.
Bilirubinuria
Bilirubin in the urine usually from conditions: gallstones, hepatitis, cirrhosis
Urobilinogen
Bacteria from the intestines convert to urobilinogen. Increase of bilirubin increases the amount of urobilinogen excreted from the urine
Conditions: infectious hepatitis, cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, and infectious mononucleosis
Nitrite
Usually indicates UTI. Converts nitrate to nitrite . Uses first void morning specimen
Leukocyturia
The presence of leukocytes. Clean catch midstream is recommended urine specimen
Conditions: inflammation of kidneys and lower urinary tract. Specific conditions: cystitis, urethritis, and chronic pyelonephritis.
Urine Sediment (US*)
Red blood cells, white blood cells, Squamous epithelial cells, renal tubular epithelial cells, hyaline casts, amorphous rate, uric acid, calcium oxalate, bacteria, yeast, parasites and parasitic ova, and spermatozoa
Red blood cells US*
- Round, colorless, biocave discs that are highly refractive.
- 0-5 cells per HPF
- Concentrated urine causes red blood cells to appear shrunken or crenated
- Dilute urine causes them the swell and become round= hemolyze
White blood cells US*
0-8 per HPF is normal. More = inflammation of the genitourinary tract
Squamous Epithelial Cells US*
Large, clear, flat cells with an irregular shape and neculeus. Come from urethra, bladder, and vagina
Renal Epithelial Cells US*
Round and contain a large nucleus. Usually abnormal to see them
Casts US*
Cylindric structure formed in the lumen of the tubules that make up the nephron.
Ex: Fatty, Waxy, Cellular, Grandular
Hyaline Casts
Pale, colorless cylinder with rounded edges that vary in size
Crystals US*
Commonly appear in alkaline urine. Ex amorphous phosphate, triple phosphate, calcium phosphate, and ammonium irate crystals
Yeast Cells US*
Smooth, refractive bodies with oval shape. Vaginal contaminants caused by yeast Candida albicans which cause vulvovaginal candidiasis
Parasites US*
Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasite that causes Trichomonas vaginitis
